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  1. Chapter 1The work's famous first sentence announces its purpose: to preserve the great deeds of Greeks and barbarians from oblivion, and to record the cause of their wars.
  2. Chapter 2The Persians continue their account of mutual injuries.
  3. Chapter 3In the next generation, Alexander (Paris), son of Priam, hears of the mutual abductions and reasons that he too can seize a Greek woman without consequence — after all, no Greek had ever made satisfaction for Medea.
  4. Chapter 4The Persian account draws its moral conclusion: while both sides had carried off women, only the Greeks had done what truly mattered — crossed into Asia with an army to make war.
  5. Chapter 5Having summarised both the Persian and Phoenician versions of the Io story — the Phoenicians say she went willingly after becoming pregnant by the ship's captain — Herodotus famously steps back.
  6. Chapter 6Herodotus introduces Croesus properly: Lydian by race, son of Alyattes, ruler of the nations west of the river Halys.
  7. Chapter 7The Mermnadae, Croesus's family, did not always rule Sardis.
  8. Chapter 8Candaules, the last Heraclid king of Sardis, was passionately in love with his own wife and convinced she was the most beautiful woman alive.
  9. Chapter 9Candaules sweeps aside Gyges's protests and lays out the scheme.
  10. Chapter 10Unable to refuse the king, Gyges agrees and hides in the chamber.
  11. Chapter 11At dawn the queen summons Gyges through her most loyal servants.
  12. Chapter 12The execution is swift and almost entirely without description.
  13. Chapter 13The Lydians are angry at Candaules's murder and rise in arms against Gyges.
  14. Chapter 14Gyges begins his reign by sending lavish offerings to Delphi: more silver than any other man, and a vast quantity of gold.
  15. Chapter 15Ardys, son of Gyges, succeeds his father and presses the wars against the Greek cities.
  16. Chapter 16The dynastic succession moves quickly.
  17. Chapter 17Alyattes inherits the war against Miletus from his father and pursues it with a distinctive logic.
  18. Chapter 18Alyattes prosecutes the war for eleven years total, though the first six belong to his father Sadyattes, who had begun it.
  19. Chapter 19In the twelfth year of the war, the burning crops set fire to the temple of Athena at Assesos in Milesian territory, burning it to the ground.
  20. Chapter 20The Milesians add their own element to the story.
  21. Chapter 21Thrasybulus, forewarned by Periander, devises a stratagem.
  22. Chapter 22The stratagem works perfectly.
  23. Chapter 23The mention of Periander licenses a digression.
  24. Chapter 24Arion, having made his fortune in Italy and Sicily, hires a Corinthian crew to take him home.
  25. Chapter 25Herodotus closes the account of Alyattes briefly: he died after reigning fifty-seven years.
  26. Chapter 26Alyattes dies and his son Croesus succeeds at the age of thirty-five — the man Herodotus has announced from chapter five as the first within human knowledge to wrong the Greeks.
  27. Chapter 27Having subdued the Asian Greeks, Croesus plans to build a fleet and attack the island Greeks.
  28. Chapter 28Herodotus pauses to survey the full extent of Croesus's empire.
  29. Chapter 29As Croesus extends his dominion, all the wise men of Hellas make their way to Sardis, drawn by its wealth and fame.
  30. Chapter 30Croesus shows Solon his treasuries and asks: who is the happiest of all men? He expects to be named.
  31. Chapter 31Solon has named Tellus of Athens as the happiest man he knows, and Croesus, irritated, presses for second place.
  32. Chapter 32Solon lays out the mathematics of a life: seventy years, seventy times three hundred and sixty-five days, not one of which brings the same things as another.
  33. Chapter 33Herodotus closes the Solon episode in a single brief chapter: Croesus dismissed Solon as worthless, thinking him entirely senseless for ignoring present prosperity and bidding men look to the end.
  34. Chapter 34The divine retribution begins with a dream.
  35. Chapter 35Adrastos is the second protagonist of the tragedy that Herodotus is assembling.
  36. Chapter 36At this point in the narrative, the plot thickens through a new element: a prodigious boar appears on Mount Olympus in Mysia, ranging down to destroy the farmland below.
  37. Chapter 37Atys hears about the Mysian boar hunt and is stung by his exclusion.
  38. Chapter 38Croesus responds to Atys's argument by explaining why he has been confined.
  39. Chapter 39Atys receives his father's partial permission and responds with a brief acknowledgment: the logic about iron and boars was the decisive point, and he is grateful for the concession.
  40. Chapter 40Having given his son permission, Croesus now takes what he believes is the decisive precaution: he summons Adrastos and asks him, in the name of the guest-friendship Croesus has shown him, to accompany Atys on the hunt and act as his guardian.
  41. Chapter 41Adrastos does not simply accept.
  42. Chapter 42The agreement is sealed and the party departs for Mount Olympus in Mysia.
  43. Chapter 43The hunters track the boar to a clearing on the mountain.
  44. Chapter 44The Lydians carry the corpse of Atys back to Sardis and Adrastos walks behind it, hands outstretched, asking Croesus to kill him over the body.
  45. Chapter 45After two years of mourning for Atys, Croesus receives news that shakes him out of grief and into political anxiety: Cyrus has overthrown the Median king Astyages.
  46. Chapter 46Herodotus tells us what Croesus was doing on the hundredth day: he was in his palace boiling a tortoise and a lamb together in a bronze cauldron with a bronze lid — a combination so strange and specific that no oracle could guess it by reasoning.
  47. Chapter 47Of the other oracles Croesus tested, only the oracle of Amphiaraos at Thebes also gave a correct answer.
  48. Chapter 48Confirmed that Delphi and Amphiaraos are reliable, Croesus overwhelms both with offerings.
  49. Chapter 49Herodotus catalogs the physical gifts Croesus sent to Delphi with the detail of someone who had seen the objects himself — which he probably had.
  50. Chapter 50Alongside the gifts to Delphi, Croesus sent dedicated objects to the sanctuary of Amphiaraos at Oropus.
  51. Chapter 51The thank-offerings made, Croesus now asks the question he has been building toward: should he make war against the Persians, and if so, should he seek a military ally? The envoys bring the question and the oracle's famous ambiguous reply.
  52. Chapter 52The oracular answers are brought back to Sardis and Croesus hears them with delight.
  53. Chapter 53Having received two favorable oracles, Croesus goes back to Delphi a third time.
  54. Chapter 54Herodotus steps briefly outside the narrative to explain the mule oracle to his reader.
  55. Chapter 55Croesus, advised by the oracle to seek the most powerful Greek ally, surveys the Greek world and finds Athens and Sparta pre-eminent.
  56. Chapter 56The ethnographic digression continues.
  57. Chapter 57Croesus's survey of the most powerful Greek city reaches Athens, where he finds that the city is held down and torn with faction by Peisistratos, son of Hippocrates, who rules as tyrant.
  58. Chapter 58Herodotus tells the story of Peisistratos's first and second tyrannies over Athens in detail.
  59. Chapter 59Having been restored to Athens by the Athena-Phye ruse and the agreement with Megacles, Peisistratos marries Megacles's daughter as agreed.
  60. Chapter 60So Peisistratos received the despotism back in the manner described and took Megacles's daughter to wife as agreed.
  61. Chapter 61Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 62
  62. Chapter 62Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 63
  63. Chapter 63Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 64
  64. Chapter 64Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 65
  65. Chapter 65Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 66
  66. Chapter 66Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 67
  67. Chapter 67Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 68
  68. Chapter 68Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 69
  69. Chapter 69Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 70
  70. Chapter 70Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 71
  71. Chapter 71Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 72
  72. Chapter 72Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 73
  73. Chapter 73Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 74
  74. Chapter 74Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 75
  75. Chapter 75Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 76
  76. Chapter 76Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 77
  77. Chapter 77Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 78
  78. Chapter 78Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 79
  79. Chapter 79Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 80
  80. Chapter 80Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 81
  81. Chapter 81Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 82
  82. Chapter 82Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 83
  83. Chapter 83Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 84
  84. Chapter 84Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 85
  85. Chapter 85Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 86
  86. Chapter 86Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 87
  87. Chapter 87Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 88
  88. Chapter 88Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 89
  89. Chapter 89Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 90
  90. Chapter 90Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 91
  91. Chapter 91Chapter 91 reports the Lydian embassy's return to Delphi after the fall of Sardis.
  92. Chapter 92Chapter 92 is an inventory: the golden lion, the golden mixing-bowls, the silver mixing-vessel, the statues of women in gold, the amber and gold necklaces, and many other objects Croesus deposited at Delphi and at the Theban temple of Apollo Ismenios, along with lesser gifts at Ephesus and Didyma.
  93. Chapter 93Chapter 93 is Herodotus's ethnographic summary of Lydia before he moves on to Persia.
  94. Chapter 94Chapter 94 presents the Lydian tradition of their own origins: that during a severe famine lasting eighteen years, the king divided the population in two, drew lots, and sent half — under his son Tyrrhenus — to find new land.
  95. Chapter 95Chapter 95 is the pivot from Lydia to Persia.
  96. Chapter 96Chapter 96 continues the story of Astyages and the dreams that will produce the fall of Media.
  97. Chapter 97Chapter 97 is one of the Histories' great narrative passages: the classic exposed-infant story, told with Herodotean precision about motivation.
  98. Chapter 98Chapter 98 covers Cyrus's childhood revelation.
  99. Chapter 99Chapter 99 shows Astyages in the grip of wishful interpretation.
  100. Chapter 100Chapter 100 contains one of the most disturbing episodes in the Histories.
  101. Chapter 101Chapter 101 is a short ethnographic insert: Herodotus names the six tribes of the Medes — the Busai, Paretakenoi, Strouchates, Arizantoi, Boudioi, and Magi.
  102. Chapter 102Chapter 102 is one of Herodotus's most politically acute passages.
  103. Chapter 103Chapter 103 follows the rise and fall of Phraortes, son of Deioces.
  104. Chapter 104Chapter 104 covers one of the strangest interludes in ancient history: the Scythian occupation of western Asia.
  105. Chapter 105Chapter 105 is a brief but striking digression within the Scythian interlude.
  106. Chapter 106Chapter 106 is a short military-history note.
  107. Chapter 107Chapter 107 is the formal re-entry into the Cyrus narrative after the long Scythian and Median military digressions.
  108. Chapter 108Chapter 108 gives Astyages the second and clearer of his prophetic dreams.
  109. Chapter 109Chapter 109 follows the chain of delegation that will save Cyrus.
  110. Chapter 110Chapter 110 is the domestic heart of the birth narrative.
  111. Chapter 111Chapter 111 covers the first years of Cyrus's life in the herdsman's household.
  112. Chapter 112Chapter 112 describes the games through which Cyrus's nature reveals itself.
  113. Chapter 113Chapter 113 is the scene of recognition.
  114. Chapter 114Chapter 114 covers the interrogation and confession of Mitradates.
  115. Chapter 115Chapter 115 covers the confrontation between Astyages and Harpagus.
  116. Chapter 116Chapter 116 is the scene of deliberate self-deception.
  117. Chapter 117Chapter 117 covers Cyrus's restoration to his biological family.
  118. Chapter 118Chapter 118 opens the conspiracy that will topple Astyages.
  119. Chapter 119Chapter 119 describes one of the most celebrated episodes in Book 1: Cyrus's method for testing — and then creating — Persian commitment to revolt.
  120. Chapter 120Chapter 120 is the moment of perfect irony in the Astyages narrative.
  121. Chapter 121Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 121
  122. Chapter 122Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 122
  123. Chapter 123Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 123
  124. Chapter 124Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 124
  125. Chapter 125Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 125
  126. Chapter 126Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 126
  127. Chapter 127Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 127
  128. Chapter 128Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 128
  129. Chapter 129Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 129
  130. Chapter 130Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 130
  131. Chapter 131Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 131
  132. Chapter 132Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 132
  133. Chapter 133Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 133
  134. Chapter 134Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 134
  135. Chapter 135Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 135
  136. Chapter 136Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 136
  137. Chapter 137Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 137
  138. Chapter 138Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 138
  139. Chapter 139Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 139
  140. Chapter 140Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 140
  141. Chapter 141Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 141
  142. Chapter 142Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 142
  143. Chapter 143Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 143
  144. Chapter 144Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 144
  145. Chapter 145Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 145
  146. Chapter 146Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 146
  147. Chapter 147Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 147
  148. Chapter 148Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 148
  149. Chapter 149Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 149
  150. Chapter 150Book 1 — Clio, Chapter 150
  151. Chapter 151The embassy to Sparta reads like a study in the gap between ceremonial politics and actual power.
  152. Chapter 152Cyrus's response to the Spartan warning is one of Herodotus's finest set-pieces of cultural collision.
  153. Chapter 153The speed of the Lydian revolt makes the point Herodotus is building toward: entrusting gold and local authority to a native magnate is an invitation to trouble.
  154. Chapter 154The exchange between Cyrus and Croesus is one of the great moments of practical wisdom in the Histories.
  155. Chapter 155Herodotus pauses to unpack the psychology behind Croesus's advice.
  156. Chapter 156The Pactyas episode now pivots from revolt into the political geography of the Ionian coast — a succession of cities that will have to decide whether to shelter or deliver a man who has thrown himself on their mercy.
  157. Chapter 157The consultation at Branchidai puts Kyme in an uncomfortable position: the oracle, the most authoritative religious institution in Ionia, tells them to surrender the suppliant.
  158. Chapter 158This chapter is one of the most extraordinary theological exchanges in all of ancient literature.
  159. Chapter 159Pactyas's journey through the Ionian cities is a study in moral evasion under pressure.
  160. Chapter 160Mazares appears in the Histories as a minor but efficient instrument of Persian revenge.
  161. Chapter 161The appointment of Harpagos brings back into the narrative one of the Histories' most shadowed figures.
  162. Chapter 162Before telling us how Phocaia falls, Herodotus steps back to characterize the city.
  163. Chapter 163The Phocaian response to siege is one of the more extraordinary collective decisions in the Histories.
  164. Chapter 164The episode of the mass oath is psychologically exact.
  165. Chapter 165The Battle of Alalia around 540 BCE is one of the earliest naval engagements Herodotus records, and he frames it with the phrase Cadmean victory — a Greek idiom for a victory that ruins the winner.
  166. Chapter 166This chapter is a piece of divine mechanics that Herodotus records with careful neutrality.
  167. Chapter 167The Teos episode is a compressed parallel to the Phocaian story — compressed, Herodotus says, because nearly the same thing happened.
  168. Chapter 168Herodotus marks the closure of the Ionian conquest with a careful distinction.
  169. Chapter 169Herodotus inserts a double digression on political wisdom at the moment when wisdom has become academic.
  170. Chapter 170With Ionia completed, Harpagos moves south along the Anatolian coast to the peoples of Caria, Caunia, and Lycia, taking Ionians and Aeolians along as auxiliary troops.
  171. Chapter 171The Caunians are a people Herodotus finds deeply interesting because their customs differ sharply from those of everyone around them — Carians, Greeks, and everyone else.
  172. Chapter 172The Lycian digression is one of the most ethnographically precise in the Histories.
  173. Chapter 173The reduction of Caria proper is brief — Herodotus acknowledges it was achieved without notable deeds on either side — but the Cnidian episode is a gem.
  174. Chapter 174The Pedasians are introduced through their sign rather than their strategy.
  175. Chapter 175The fall of Xanthos is one of the most extreme episodes of collective self-destruction in the Histories and perhaps in all of ancient literature.
  176. Chapter 176This chapter is a transitional hinge.
  177. Chapter 177Herodotus's description of Babylon is one of the most sustained architectural passages in the Histories and is presented as personal knowledge — he has been there, or has sources who have.
  178. Chapter 178Herodotus is interested not just in the dimensions but in the supply chain.
  179. Chapter 179Herodotus's Babylon is divided into two halves by the Euphrates, and the river is part of the city's defensive system as much as its commerce.
  180. Chapter 180This final chapter of the Babylonian description gives the city its two sacred and royal centers.
  181. Chapter 181The god in the inner cell — divine presence at Babylon and Thebes
  182. Chapter 182The golden statue of Zeus at Babylon — the great altar and its sacrifices
  183. Chapter 183Semiramis and Nitocris — two queens who ruled Babylon
  184. Chapter 184Nitocris fortifies Babylon against the Medes
  185. Chapter 185Nitocris builds the bridge of Babylon
  186. Chapter 186Nitocris's tomb — the inscription above the city gate
  187. Chapter 187The last king of Babylon — Labynetos son of Nitocris
  188. Chapter 188Cyrus punishes the river Gyndes — three hundred and sixty channels
  189. Chapter 189Cyrus advances on Babylon — the Babylonians give battle and are driven within their walls
  190. Chapter 190Cyrus takes Babylon — the army enters through the diverted Euphrates
  191. Chapter 191Babylon's wealth — the tribute that sustains the Persian king
  192. Chapter 192Agriculture in Assyria — the Babylonian grain harvest and irrigation
  193. Chapter 193The round leather boats of Babylon — coracles on the Euphrates
  194. Chapter 194Babylonian dress and customs — anointing, staffs, and seals
  195. Chapter 195The Babylonian bride auction — the wisest custom Herodotus knows
  196. Chapter 196Babylonian medicine — the sick in the marketplace
  197. Chapter 197Babylonian burial, marital ritual, and the practices of the Arabians
  198. Chapter 198Sacred prostitution at the temple of Aphrodite in Babylon
  199. Chapter 199Fish-eating tribes of Babylonia — three tribes and their practices
  200. Chapter 200Cyrus turns his ambition eastward — the Massagetai beyond the Araxes
  201. Chapter 201The Araxes river and the islands of the haoma-drinkers
  202. Chapter 202The Caspian Sea — a lake apart, not joined to the Mediterranean
  203. Chapter 203The Caucasus and the great plain — home of the Massagetai
  204. Chapter 204Queen Tomyris of the Massagetai rejects Cyrus's marriage proposal
  205. Chapter 205Tomyris warns Cyrus — the choice of battlefield
  206. Chapter 206Croesus counsels Cyrus — the wine trap strategy against the Massagetai
  207. Chapter 207Cyrus adopts Croesus's stratagem and crosses the Araxes
  208. Chapter 208Cyrus summons Hystaspes — sending Darius back to Persia under watch
  209. Chapter 209The wine trap succeeds — the Massagetai army destroyed and Spargapises taken
  210. Chapter 210The death of Cyrus — Tomyris's revenge and the end of the conqueror
  211. Chapter 211Tomyris Warns Cyrus Before Battle
  212. Chapter 212Spargapises Takes His Own Life
  213. Chapter 213The Death of Cyrus at the Hands of Tomyris
  214. Chapter 214Customs and Weapons of the Massagetae
  215. Chapter 215Marriage, Diet, and Religion of the Massagetae
  216. Chapter 216Cambyses Inherits Persia and Turns Toward Egypt
  217. Chapter 217Psammetichos and the Experiment to Find the Oldest People
  218. Chapter 218Herodotus Visits Memphis, Thebes, and Heliopolis
  219. Chapter 219Egypt and the Invention of the Solar Year
  220. Chapter 220Egypt as Land Made by the Nile
  221. Chapter 221The Coastline and Dimensions of Egypt
  222. Chapter 222The Flat Delta Plain from Sea to Heliopolis
  223. Chapter 223The Narrow Valley Above Heliopolis
  224. Chapter 224Distances Up the Nile: Heliopolis to Thebes and Beyond
  225. Chapter 225Herodotus Argues Egypt Was Once a Sea Gulf
  226. Chapter 226The Arabian Gulf and Comparison with Egypt
  227. Chapter 227Shells on the Mountains and Saltwater Springs Confirm the Sea Theory
  228. Chapter 228The Nile's Rising Flood Level and the Future of Egypt
  229. Chapter 229The Nile Delta Compared to the Maeander Valley
  230. Chapter 230Refuting the Ionian Definition of Egypt as Only the Delta
  231. Chapter 231The Ionian Tripartite World Map Shown to Be Inconsistent
  232. Chapter 232Herodotus Defines Egypt by Its Inhabitants, Not Its River
  233. Chapter 233The Oracle of Ammon Supports Herodotus's View of Egypt
  234. Chapter 234The Nile Flood in Summer: The Question Herodotus Cannot Answer
  235. Chapter 235First Theory Refuted: The Etesian Winds Do Not Cause the Flood
  236. Chapter 236Second Theory Refuted: The Ocean Stream Does Not Explain the Flood
  237. Chapter 237Third Theory Refuted: Melting Snow Cannot Explain an African River's Summer Flood
  238. Chapter 238The Ocean Theory Dismissed as Unfalsifiable
  239. Chapter 239Herodotus Proposes His Own Theory of the Nile Flood
  240. Chapter 240The Sun's Passage Over Libya Explained in Detail
  241. Chapter 241Herodotus offers a theoretical explanation for Libya's climate: the sun burns the air dry as it passes overhead, producing constant summer heat in the upper regions.
  242. Chapter 242Continuing his natural-philosophical inquiry, Herodotus addresses a puzzle: why does no cooling breeze come off the Nile in summer? His answer is that breezes originate from cold regions, not hot ones.
  243. Chapter 243Herodotus declares that despite consulting Egyptians, Libyans, and Greeks, no one could identify the Nile's source.
  244. Chapter 244Herodotus tells us he personally traveled as far as Elephantine, the southernmost city of Egypt, to investigate the Nile.
  245. Chapter 245Herodotus describes a settlement called 'the Deserters,' founded by Egyptian soldiers who defected to Ethiopia during the reign of Psammetichus.
  246. Chapter 246Herodotus summarizes how far the Nile is known: a four-month journey combining river travel and overland sections from the Egyptian delta southward.
  247. Chapter 247Herodotus recounts a multi-layered tale.
  248. Chapter 248Herodotus wraps up the story of the Nasamonian explorers with characteristic intellectual caution.
  249. Chapter 249Herodotus draws a symmetrical comparison between the Nile and the Ister (Danube): both rivers originate in the west and flow east, but the Ister passes through populated territory whose inhabitants can report on it, while the Nile flows through desert where no one lives to observe.
  250. Chapter 250With the Nile inquiry concluded, Herodotus pivots to his full ethnographic survey of Egypt.
  251. Chapter 251Herodotus opens his catalogue of Egyptian customs with the priests: unlike other nations where priests wear long hair, Egyptian priests shave their heads.
  252. Chapter 252Herodotus describes Egyptian religious scrupulousness: they rinse bronze cups every day, wear freshly washed linen, circumcise for cleanliness, and shave their entire bodies every other day so that no lice or impurity can contaminate their sacred service.
  253. Chapter 253Herodotus describes the Egyptian inspection ritual for sacrificial oxen: a priest examines the beast's entire body, including inside the mouth and on the tail, looking for any impurity or black hair.
  254. Chapter 254The chapter details Egyptian sacrificial procedure: lead the sealed beast to the altar, light the fire, pour wine, invoke the god, and cut off the head — which is then cursed and, if there are Greek traders, sold to them, or else thrown into the river.
  255. Chapter 255Herodotus says he will describe the greatest Egyptian sacrifice — to Isis — in detail, while acknowledging that different sacrifices are performed differently for different deities.
  256. Chapter 256Herodotus explains that while clean male oxen are sacrificed throughout Egypt, female cattle are entirely prohibited from sacrifice because they are sacred to Isis.
  257. Chapter 257Herodotus explains that Egyptian religious practice varies by district.
  258. Chapter 258Herodotus pursues a bold comparative-religion argument: the Egyptians have worshipped Heracles for 17,000 years — far longer than the Greeks, who made him a demi-god.
  259. Chapter 259To test his Heracles thesis further, Herodotus traveled to Tyre in Phoenicia to examine its temple of Heracles.
  260. Chapter 260Herodotus dismisses a popular Greek myth: that Heracles was captured by Egyptians and nearly sacrificed before killing his captors.
  261. Chapter 261Herodotus explains why Mendesians sacrifice neither goats nor male sheep: Pan is one of the eight gods who predated the twelve Olympians, and he is represented locally in goat form.
  262. Chapter 262Herodotus describes the Egyptian pig taboo in detail: any Egyptian who accidentally touches a pig must immediately plunge into the Nile fully clothed to purify themselves.
  263. Chapter 263Herodotus notes what appears to be a paradox: Egyptians find pigs abominable and exclude swineherds from society, yet they sacrifice pigs to Dionysus and the Moon on the full moon and eat the meat that day.
  264. Chapter 264Herodotus credits Melampus, son of Amytheon, with bringing the Dionysus cult to Greece, including the name, the sacrifice, and the phallic procession.
  265. Chapter 265Herodotus makes his broadest claim in Book 2: nearly all the names of Greek gods came from Egypt.
  266. Chapter 266Herodotus qualifies his sweeping Egypt-origin thesis: the ithyphallic representation of Hermes was not adopted from Egypt but from the Pelasgians, the pre-Greek population of Attica.
  267. Chapter 267Herodotus reports what he learned at Dodona: the Pelasgians originally worshipped unnamed gods, calling them simply 'the gods who arranged all things.' They later adopted divine names from Dodona's oracle, which Herodotus elsewhere connects to Egyptian origins.
  268. Chapter 268Herodotus makes a chronological argument that is remarkable for its boldness: Hesiod and Homer, who gave the Greek gods their characters, genealogies, and attributes, lived only 400 years before him — recently, in historical terms.
  269. Chapter 269The priests at the Theban temple of Zeus told Herodotus that two women in the service of the temple were carried off — one went to Libya, one to Greece (Dodona).
  270. Chapter 270Herodotus now gives the Dodonans' version: two black doves flew from Thebes in Egypt.
  271. Chapter 271Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 56
  272. Chapter 272Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 57
  273. Chapter 273Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 58
  274. Chapter 274Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 59
  275. Chapter 275Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 60
  276. Chapter 276Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 61
  277. Chapter 277Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 62
  278. Chapter 278Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 63
  279. Chapter 279Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 64
  280. Chapter 280Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 65
  281. Chapter 281Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 66
  282. Chapter 282Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 67
  283. Chapter 283Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 68
  284. Chapter 284Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 69
  285. Chapter 285Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 70
  286. Chapter 286Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 71
  287. Chapter 287Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 72
  288. Chapter 288Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 73
  289. Chapter 289Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 74
  290. Chapter 290Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 75
  291. Chapter 291Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 76
  292. Chapter 292Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 77
  293. Chapter 293Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 78
  294. Chapter 294Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 79
  295. Chapter 295Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 80
  296. Chapter 296Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 81
  297. Chapter 297Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 82
  298. Chapter 298Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 83
  299. Chapter 299Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 84
  300. Chapter 300Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 85
  301. Chapter 301Egyptian Embalming: The Costliest Method
  302. Chapter 302The Middle Way of Egyptian Embalming
  303. Chapter 303The Cheapest Egyptian Embalming Method
  304. Chapter 304Safeguarding the Bodies of Noblewomen
  305. Chapter 305The Sacred Status of Crocodile Victims in Egypt
  306. Chapter 306Egyptian Refusal of Foreign Customs
  307. Chapter 307The Customs of Egyptians Living in the Marshes
  308. Chapter 308Fish Breeding in Egyptian Lakes
  309. Chapter 309Castor Oil and Other Egyptian Products of the Fens
  310. Chapter 310Egyptian Defenses Against Gnats
  311. Chapter 311Egyptian Cargo Boats and River Navigation
  312. Chapter 312Egypt During the Nile Flood: A Sea of Islands
  313. Chapter 313Anthylla and Archandropolis: Cities Assigned to the Pharaoh's Household
  314. Chapter 314Herodotus Begins His Account from Egyptian Records
  315. Chapter 315Three Hundred and Thirty Kings and One Queen: Nitocris
  316. Chapter 316Egyptian Kings Who Left No Great Works
  317. Chapter 317Sesostris: Egypt's Greatest Conquering King
  318. Chapter 318Sesostris Conquers Scythia and Thrace
  319. Chapter 319The Colchians as Egyptian Colonists
  320. Chapter 320Colchian Linen and Egyptian Circumcision Practices
  321. Chapter 321Surviving Pillars of Sesostris
  322. Chapter 322Sesostris's Return and His Brother's Treachery
  323. Chapter 323Sesostris's Canal Building and Division of the Land
  324. Chapter 324How Sesostris Invented Geometry
  325. Chapter 325Sesostris Rules Ethiopia and Builds at Memphis
  326. Chapter 326King Pheros and His Blindness
  327. Chapter 327Proteus, King of Memphis
  328. Chapter 328Alexander and Helen Arrive in Egypt
  329. Chapter 329Thonis Reports Alexander's Crime to Proteus
  330. Chapter 330Proteus Detains Alexander and Keeps Helen
  331. Chapter 331Helen in Egypt — Herodotus's Alternative Account of the Trojan War
  332. Chapter 332The Cyprian Epic and Questions of Homeric Authorship
  333. Chapter 333Egyptian Priests on the Trojan War: Was Helen Ever at Troy?
  334. Chapter 334Menelaus Recovers Helen from Egypt After the Fall of Troy
  335. Chapter 335Herodotus Argues Helen Was Not at Troy — Reasoning from Probability
  336. Chapter 336Pharaoh Rhampsinitos and the Gateway of Hephaistos
  337. Chapter 337Rhampsinitos Descends to Hades and Plays Dice with Demeter
  338. Chapter 338Herodotus on Hearsay and the Limits of Historical Knowledge
  339. Chapter 339Pharaoh Cheops: The Builder of the Great Pyramid and Egypt's Tyrant
  340. Chapter 340Construction of the Great Pyramid: Machines, Ramps, and Labor
  341. Chapter 341Cheops's Daughter and the Pyramid Built from Gifts
  342. Chapter 342Pharaoh Chephren: Fifty Years of Misery After Cheops
  343. Chapter 343One Hundred and Six Years of Closed Temples: Egyptian Hatred of Cheops and Chephren
  344. Chapter 344Pharaoh Mykerinos: The Just King Who Reopened Egypt's Temples
  345. Chapter 345The Golden Cow of Mykerinos: His Daughter's Burial in Sais
  346. Chapter 346Alternative Tradition: Mykerinos and His Daughter — Incest and Suicide
  347. Chapter 347Description of the Sacred Cow of Sais: Gold, Crimson Robes, and Lamps
  348. Chapter 348The Oracle of Buto: Mykerinos Told He Will Live Only Six More Years
  349. Chapter 349The Third Pyramid of Giza: Mykerinos's Monument in Ethiopian Stone
  350. Chapter 350Rhodopis of Naucratis: The Courtesan Falsely Credited with a Pyramid
  351. Chapter 351Pharaoh Asychis and the Pyramid of Brick: Origins of Mortgage Law in Egypt
  352. Chapter 352The Blind King Anysis and the Ethiopian Conquest of Egypt
  353. Chapter 353The Temple of Buto: Island Surrounded by Water with a Sacred Chasm
  354. Chapter 354A Dream Ends the Ethiopian Occupation: Sabacos Departs Egypt
  355. Chapter 355The Blind King Anysis Returns: Fifty Years in the Marshes
  356. Chapter 356Pharaoh Sethos the Priest: Egypt's Army Abandoned and Sennacherib's Invasion
  357. Chapter 357Three Hundred and Forty-One Generations of Egyptian Kings: An Immense Chronology
  358. Chapter 358Hecataeus at Thebes and the Wooden Statues of Priests
  359. Chapter 359Egypt's Divine Kings vs. Greek Gods: Contrasting Traditions of Divine Rule
  360. Chapter 360Heracles, Dionysos, and Pan in Egypt: Gods Older Than Their Greek Counterparts
  361. Chapter 361Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 146
  362. Chapter 362Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 147
  363. Chapter 363Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 148
  364. Chapter 364Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 149
  365. Chapter 365Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 150
  366. Chapter 366Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 151
  367. Chapter 367Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 152
  368. Chapter 368Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 153
  369. Chapter 369Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 154
  370. Chapter 370Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 155
  371. Chapter 371Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 156
  372. Chapter 372Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 157
  373. Chapter 373Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 158
  374. Chapter 374Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 159
  375. Chapter 375Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 160
  376. Chapter 376Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 161
  377. Chapter 377Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 162
  378. Chapter 378Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 163
  379. Chapter 379Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 164
  380. Chapter 380Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 165
  381. Chapter 381Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 166
  382. Chapter 382Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 167
  383. Chapter 383Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 168
  384. Chapter 384Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 169
  385. Chapter 385Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 170
  386. Chapter 386Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 171
  387. Chapter 387Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 172
  388. Chapter 388Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 173
  389. Chapter 389Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 174
  390. Chapter 390Book 2 — Euterpe, Chapter 175
  391. Chapter 391Book 2 closes its portrait of Amasis with a brief inventory of his largest dedications: a seventy-five-foot colossus lying before the temple of Hephaistos at Memphis, flanked by two twenty-foot attendant figures on the same base, and a matching colossus at Saïs.
  392. Chapter 392A single paragraph summarises the prosperity of the Amasis era: the highest count of inhabited towns ever recorded in Egypt (twenty thousand), maximum Nile gift, and a law requiring every citizen to declare an honest livelihood on pain of death.
  393. Chapter 393Amasis's philhellenism finds its most concrete expression in the grant of Naucratis as a permanent residence and trading base for Greeks.
  394. Chapter 394A brief but precise chapter on the exclusive commercial status of Naucratis in the period before Amasis.
  395. Chapter 395A short chapter on Amasis's philhellenic generosity extending to the Greek sacred world.
  396. Chapter 396A brief and characteristically digressive Herodotean episode.
  397. Chapter 397The final chapter of Book 2 proper summarises Amasis's dedications in the Greek world: a gold-covered image of Athene and a painted self-portrait at Kyrene; two stone statues and a linen corslet at the temple of Athene at Lindos; two wooden self-portraits at the Samian Heraion.
  398. Chapter 398The opening of Book 3 — Thalia — pivots from Egypt under Amasis to the Persian assault that ended Amasis's dynasty.
  399. Chapter 399Herodotus faithfully reports the Egyptian counter-narrative, then refutes it.
  400. Chapter 400Herodotus records a further etiological story, explicitly flagged as one he does not credit.
  401. Chapter 401A pivotal operational chapter: the defection of Phanes of Halicarnassos, a mercenary officer in Amasis's service, who fled Egypt by ship and made his way to Cambyses.
  402. Chapter 402A geographical interlude that establishes the strategic situation before Cambyses' march.
  403. Chapter 403One of the most characteristically Herodotean digressions: a puzzle posed and then solved.
  404. Chapter 404The answer to the puzzle posed in the previous chapter.
  405. Chapter 405A focused ethnographic chapter on the pledge ceremony of the Arabians.
  406. Chapter 406The Arab king honours his pledge to Cambyses by solving the water problem in one of two ways — Herodotus reports both, noting that he finds the first more credible.
  407. Chapter 407Cambyses arrived too late to face Amasis: the pharaoh had died after a reign of forty-four years, having been embalmed and buried in his own temple tomb.
  408. Chapter 408The battle of Pelusium is introduced by one of the most brutal episodes in the Histories: the Greek and Carian mercenaries in Egyptian service, furious at Phanes for betraying them to a foreign army, seized his children whom he had left behind in Egypt and killed them in front of him between the armies — mixing their blood with wine and water and drinking it before the battle as a kind of imprecatory oath.
  409. Chapter 409A characteristic Herodotean digression from an autopsy: the bones of the Persian and Egyptian dead still lay separately on the battlefield, and Herodotus reports testing them.
  410. Chapter 410After the flight from Pelusium the Egyptians fell back on Memphis.
  411. Chapter 411One of the most famous passages in the Histories: Cambyses' deliberate psychological test of the defeated pharaoh Psammenitos.
  412. Chapter 412The answer Psammenitos gave about the beggar moved even Cambyses to pity; he ordered Psammenitos's son saved from the execution party.
  413. Chapter 413Cambyses' treatment of Amasis's corpse is one of the key exhibits in Herodotus's emerging portrait of the king as impious and erratic.
  414. Chapter 414The overreach that the doctrine of hubris and reversal demands: Cambyses, having conquered Egypt, immediately plans three more campaigns in different directions at once.
  415. Chapter 415A brief ethnographic vignette on the Table of the Sun — the legendary meadow in the suburbs of the Ethiopian city that was said to fill nightly with cooked meat of every four-footed animal by the agency of those citizens in authority, and to be available by day to any comer as a free communal meal.
  416. Chapter 416One of the three planned campaigns is immediately cancelled.
  417. Chapter 417The spy mission is assembled and dispatched.
  418. Chapter 418The Ethiopian king is presented as Herodotus's ideal of uncorrupted natural sovereignty: he perceives the Fish-Eaters are spies, says so directly, and delivers a moral rebuke to Cambyses through them.
  419. Chapter 419After the bow challenge, the Ethiopian king cross-examines the Fish-Eaters about Persian customs.
  420. Chapter 420The Fish-Eaters, having received the king's rebuff, were shown the marvels of his kingdom.
  421. Chapter 421Crystal Coffins of the Ethiopians
  422. Chapter 422Cambyses Marches into Ethiopia
  423. Chapter 423The Lost Army of the Ammonians
  424. Chapter 424Cambyses Confronts the Sacred Bull Apis
  425. Chapter 425Cambyses Summons the Apis Bull
  426. Chapter 426Cambyses Wounds the Sacred Bull
  427. Chapter 427The Onset of Cambyses's Madness
  428. Chapter 428Cambyses Murders His Sister-Wife
  429. Chapter 429Two Accounts of the Sister's Death
  430. Chapter 430Herodotus on Cambyses's Madness
  431. Chapter 431Cambyses Tests Prexaspes with an Arrow
  432. Chapter 432The Arrow in the Heart of Prexaspes's Son
  433. Chapter 433Croesus Rebukes Cambyses and Nearly Dies for It
  434. Chapter 434Cambyses Desecrates Tombs and Temples at Memphis
  435. Chapter 435Herodotus on the Relativity of Custom
  436. Chapter 436Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos
  437. Chapter 437Amasis Warns Polycrates to Sacrifice His Fortune
  438. Chapter 438Polycrates and the Ring Cast into the Sea
  439. Chapter 439The Fish Returns the Ring
  440. Chapter 440Amasis Dissolves the Guest-Friendship
  441. Chapter 441The Spartan Expedition Against Samos
  442. Chapter 442Conflicting Accounts of the Samian Exiles
  443. Chapter 443The Samian Exiles' Appeal to Sparta
  444. Chapter 444The Spartan and Samian Reasons for the Expedition
  445. Chapter 445Corinth Joins the Expedition Against Samos
  446. Chapter 446The Corcyra-Corinth Feud
  447. Chapter 447Periander, Melissa, and the Prophecy About Lycophron
  448. Chapter 448Lycophron's Unyielding Silence Toward His Father
  449. Chapter 449Periander Isolates Lycophron Through Proclamation
  450. Chapter 450Lycophron Agrees to Return — and Is Killed
  451. Chapter 451The Spartan Siege of Samos
  452. Chapter 452Archias and Lycopas: Heroes of a Failed Assault
  453. Chapter 453The Spartans Abandon the Siege of Samos
  454. Chapter 454The Exiled Samians Raid Siphnos
  455. Chapter 455The Siphnian Oracle Explained: The Red Ships
  456. Chapter 456The Samian Exiles Settle in Crete and Kydonia
  457. Chapter 457The Three Great Works of Samos
  458. Chapter 458The Magi Conspiracy: False Smerdis Seizes the Persian Throne
  459. Chapter 459Cambyses Hears of the Usurpation in Syria
  460. Chapter 460Prexaspes Confirms the Murder of the True Smerdis
  461. Chapter 461Cambyses's Fatal Wound and the Dream of Smerdis
  462. Chapter 462Cambyses's Deathbed Confession to the Persians
  463. Chapter 463The Death of Cambyses and the Magian's Reign
  464. Chapter 464The Magian's Seven-Month Reign
  465. Chapter 465Otanes Suspects the Magian Impostor
  466. Chapter 466Phaidyme Discovers the Earless King
  467. Chapter 467Otanes Forms the Conspiracy of the Seven
  468. Chapter 468Darius Presses for Immediate Action
  469. Chapter 469How to Enter the Palace: The Conspirators Plan
  470. Chapter 470Gobryas Urges the Conspirators to Strike
  471. Chapter 471The Magi Try to Co-Opt Prexaspes
  472. Chapter 472Prexaspes's Final Speech: Confession and Death
  473. Chapter 473The Seven Move on the Palace
  474. Chapter 474The Conspirators Enter the Palace Unhindered
  475. Chapter 475The Killing of the Magi
  476. Chapter 476The Persian People Kill the Magi
  477. Chapter 477The Constitutional Debate: Otanes Argues for Democracy
  478. Chapter 478Megabyzos Argues for Oligarchy
  479. Chapter 479Darius Argues for Monarchy
  480. Chapter 480Otanes Withdraws from the Contest for the Throne
  481. Chapter 481Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 84
  482. Chapter 482Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 85
  483. Chapter 483Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 86
  484. Chapter 484Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 87
  485. Chapter 485Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 88
  486. Chapter 486Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 89
  487. Chapter 487Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 90
  488. Chapter 488Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 91
  489. Chapter 489Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 92
  490. Chapter 490Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 93
  491. Chapter 491Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 94
  492. Chapter 492Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 95
  493. Chapter 493Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 96
  494. Chapter 494Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 97
  495. Chapter 495Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 98
  496. Chapter 496Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 99
  497. Chapter 497Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 100
  498. Chapter 498Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 101
  499. Chapter 499Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 102
  500. Chapter 500Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 103
  501. Chapter 501Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 104
  502. Chapter 502Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 105
  503. Chapter 503Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 106
  504. Chapter 504Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 107
  505. Chapter 505Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 108
  506. Chapter 506Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 109
  507. Chapter 507Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 110
  508. Chapter 508Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 111
  509. Chapter 509Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 112
  510. Chapter 510Book 3 — Thalia, Chapter 113
  511. Chapter 511The Furthest Lands — Ethiopia and Its Wonders
  512. Chapter 512The Edges of Europe — Northern Mysteries and the River Eridanos
  513. Chapter 513Gold Guarded by Griffins — The Arimaspians of the North
  514. Chapter 514The Chorasmian Plain and Persian Water Control
  515. Chapter 515Intaphrenes Executed — The Price of Insulting the Royal Court
  516. Chapter 516The Wife of Intaphrenes — Choosing to Save a Brother
  517. Chapter 517Oroites the Satrap and His Designs on Polycrates
  518. Chapter 518Polycrates and Anacreon — The Fateful Message from Oroites
  519. Chapter 519Two Accounts of Polycrates — The Causes of His Downfall
  520. Chapter 520Maiandrios Sent to Inspect — Polycrates Plans His Journey
  521. Chapter 521The Dream of Polycrates's Daughter — An Omen Ignored
  522. Chapter 522The Death of Polycrates at Magnesia
  523. Chapter 523Retribution Falls on Oroites — Darius Takes Vengeance
  524. Chapter 524Darius's Strategy — Turning Oroites's Own Guards Against Him
  525. Chapter 525Bagaios Chosen by Lot — Oroites Assassinated
  526. Chapter 526Darius's Ankle and the Greek Physician Demokedes
  527. Chapter 527Demokedes Heals the King — Winning Favour at Darius's Court
  528. Chapter 528The Career of Demokedes — From Croton to Aegina to Athens
  529. Chapter 529Demokedes in Susa — Saving the Egyptian Physicians
  530. Chapter 530Atossa's Tumour — Demokedes Seizes His Chance
  531. Chapter 531Atossa Urges Darius — The First Plan to Invade Greece
  532. Chapter 532Fifteen Persians Sent to Spy on Greece with Demokedes
  533. Chapter 533The Persian Expedition Sails — Coastal Survey of Greece
  534. Chapter 534Demokedes Escapes — Croton Defends Its Citizen
  535. Chapter 535Gillos the Exile — A Tarentine Rescues the Stranded Persians
  536. Chapter 536Darius Takes Samos — The Debt to Syloson
  537. Chapter 537Syloson at the Court of Darius — A Gift Remembered
  538. Chapter 538Otanes Leads the Persian Expedition to Samos
  539. Chapter 539Maiandrios of Samos — A Would-Be Just Ruler
  540. Chapter 540Maiandrios Abandons Justice — Clinging to Power in Samos
  541. Chapter 541The Persian Restoration of Samos
  542. Chapter 542Charilaos Attacks the Persians
  543. Chapter 543Maiandrios Flees Samos
  544. Chapter 544Otanes Massacres the Samians
  545. Chapter 545Maiandrios at Sparta
  546. Chapter 546Samos Repopulated
  547. Chapter 547The Babylonian Revolt Against Persia
  548. Chapter 548Darius Besieges Babylon
  549. Chapter 549A Year and Seven Months of Siege
  550. Chapter 550Zopyros and the Mule That Foaled
  551. Chapter 551Zopyros Proposes His Plan to Darius
  552. Chapter 552Zopyros Self-Mutilates
  553. Chapter 553Zopyros Enters Babylon as a Deserter
  554. Chapter 554Zopyros Given Command of Babylonian Forces
  555. Chapter 555Babylon Falls by Treachery
  556. Chapter 556Darius's Treatment of Babylon After the Revolt
  557. Chapter 557Darius Honours Zopyros
  558. Chapter 558Darius Prepares to Invade Scythia
  559. Chapter 559Scythian Slavery and the Mare's Milk Economy
  560. Chapter 560The Slaves' Sons Revolt Against Scythia
  561. Chapter 561Scythia Reclaimed, Slaves Expelled
  562. Chapter 562The Scythian Account of Their Origin
  563. Chapter 563The Three Scythian Tribes and Their Origins
  564. Chapter 564The Age of Scythia and the Golden Era
  565. Chapter 565The Greek Account of Scythian Origins: Heracles
  566. Chapter 566Heracles and the Serpent-Woman
  567. Chapter 567The Test of Heracles's Bow
  568. Chapter 568Herodotus's Preferred Account: Scythian Migration
  569. Chapter 569The Kimmerian Displacement and Scythian Pursuit
  570. Chapter 570Aristeas and the Peoples Beyond the Issedonians
  571. Chapter 571Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 14
  572. Chapter 572Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 15
  573. Chapter 573Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 16
  574. Chapter 574Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 17
  575. Chapter 575Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 19
  576. Chapter 576Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 20
  577. Chapter 577Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 21
  578. Chapter 578Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 22
  579. Chapter 579Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 23
  580. Chapter 580Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 24
  581. Chapter 581Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 25
  582. Chapter 582Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 26
  583. Chapter 583Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 27
  584. Chapter 584Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 28
  585. Chapter 585Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 29
  586. Chapter 586Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 30
  587. Chapter 587Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 31
  588. Chapter 588Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 32
  589. Chapter 589Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 33
  590. Chapter 590Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 34
  591. Chapter 591Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 35
  592. Chapter 592Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 36
  593. Chapter 593Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 37
  594. Chapter 594Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 38
  595. Chapter 595Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 39
  596. Chapter 596Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 40
  597. Chapter 597Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 41
  598. Chapter 598Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 42
  599. Chapter 599Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 43
  600. Chapter 600Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 44
  601. Chapter 601The Unknown Extent of Europe
  602. Chapter 602The Scythian Advantage: Geography as Defence
  603. Chapter 603The Rivers of Scythia: An Overview
  604. Chapter 604The Ister (Danube): Tributaries from the North
  605. Chapter 605The Ister Compared with the Nile
  606. Chapter 606Why the Ister Never Floods
  607. Chapter 607The Tyras and Hypanis Rivers
  608. Chapter 608The Borysthenes: Greatest River of Scythia
  609. Chapter 609The Borysthenes in Detail
  610. Chapter 610The Panticapes and Hypacyris Rivers
  611. Chapter 611The Gerrhus and the Royal Scythians
  612. Chapter 612The Tanais and the Boundaries of Scythia
  613. Chapter 613Scythian Water Sources Beyond the Rivers
  614. Chapter 614Scythian Sacrificial Practice
  615. Chapter 615The Scythian Gods
  616. Chapter 616The Altar of Ares
  617. Chapter 617Scythian Cooking Without Fire
  618. Chapter 618The Enarees: Scythian Diviners
  619. Chapter 619When a Scythian King Falls Ill
  620. Chapter 620Scythian Treatment of Enemies: Scalps and Skulls
  621. Chapter 621Scythian Counting of Kills
  622. Chapter 622The Scythian Annual Feast
  623. Chapter 623Scythian Divination Methods
  624. Chapter 624What Happens When a Scythian King Is Ill
  625. Chapter 625Scythian Oaths and Alliances
  626. Chapter 626Burial of a Scythian King
  627. Chapter 627The Royal Burial Mound
  628. Chapter 628The Mounted Guard of the Dead
  629. Chapter 629Scythian Purification After Burial
  630. Chapter 630Hemp in Scythia and Thrace
  631. Chapter 631Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 75
  632. Chapter 632Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 76
  633. Chapter 633Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 77
  634. Chapter 634Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 78
  635. Chapter 635Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 79
  636. Chapter 636Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 80
  637. Chapter 637Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 81
  638. Chapter 638Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 82
  639. Chapter 639Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 83
  640. Chapter 640Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 84
  641. Chapter 641Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 85
  642. Chapter 642Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 86
  643. Chapter 643Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 87
  644. Chapter 644Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 88
  645. Chapter 645Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 89
  646. Chapter 646Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 90
  647. Chapter 647Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 91
  648. Chapter 648Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 92
  649. Chapter 649Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 93
  650. Chapter 650Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 94
  651. Chapter 651Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 95
  652. Chapter 652Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 96
  653. Chapter 653Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 97
  654. Chapter 654Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 98
  655. Chapter 655Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 99
  656. Chapter 656Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 100
  657. Chapter 657Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 101
  658. Chapter 658Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 102
  659. Chapter 659Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 103
  660. Chapter 660Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 104
  661. Chapter 661The Neuroi and the Legend of Werewolves
  662. Chapter 662The Androphagoi: Cannibals Beyond the Scythians
  663. Chapter 663The Melanchlainoi: People of the Black Cloaks
  664. Chapter 664The Budinoi and the Wooden City of Gelonos
  665. Chapter 665Budinoi and Gelonians: Nomads and Farmers in the Same Land
  666. Chapter 666The Amazons and the Origin of the Sauromatai
  667. Chapter 667Scythian Scouts and the Amazon Encampment
  668. Chapter 668The Scythians Make Peace with the Amazons
  669. Chapter 669Amazon Speech and Scythian Learning
  670. Chapter 670The Amazon Proposal: A New Land, New People
  671. Chapter 671Amazon Rules of Life and Marriage
  672. Chapter 672The New Settlement Beyond the Tanaïs
  673. Chapter 673Sauromatai Customs: Women Who Fight and the Imperfect Tongue
  674. Chapter 674Scythian Envoys Call for a Common Alliance
  675. Chapter 675The Neighbours Debate: Some Ally, Some Refuse
  676. Chapter 676The Scythian Strategy: Scorched Earth and Harassment
  677. Chapter 677The Persian Army Enters Scythia
  678. Chapter 678Pursuit Across the Steppe: Persians Follow, Scythians Withdraw
  679. Chapter 679The Wooden City Burns: Persians Enter Budinoi Territory
  680. Chapter 680Darius Builds Forts in the Desert and Turns Back
  681. Chapter 681Scythians Reverse and Pursue: The Hunter Becomes the Hunted
  682. Chapter 682Darius Sends a Message to the Scythian King
  683. Chapter 683Idanthyrsos Answers Darius: We Have No Cities to Defend
  684. Chapter 684Scythians Attack Foragers and Signal the Ionian Guards
  685. Chapter 685Donkeys and Horses: An Unexpected Advantage for Persia
  686. Chapter 686Scythians Bait the Persians with Livestock
  687. Chapter 687The Enigmatic Gifts: Bird, Mouse, Frog, and Arrows
  688. Chapter 688Gobryas Interprets the Gifts Correctly
  689. Chapter 689The Scythians Move on the Ister Bridge
  690. Chapter 690The Final Confrontation: Persians Array for Battle
  691. Chapter 691Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 135
  692. Chapter 692Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 136
  693. Chapter 693Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 137
  694. Chapter 694Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 138
  695. Chapter 695Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 139
  696. Chapter 696Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 140
  697. Chapter 697Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 141
  698. Chapter 698Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 142
  699. Chapter 699Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 143
  700. Chapter 700Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 144
  701. Chapter 701Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 145
  702. Chapter 702Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 146
  703. Chapter 703Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 147
  704. Chapter 704Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 148
  705. Chapter 705Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 149
  706. Chapter 706Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 150
  707. Chapter 707Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 151
  708. Chapter 708Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 152
  709. Chapter 709Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 153
  710. Chapter 710Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 154
  711. Chapter 711Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 155
  712. Chapter 712Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 156
  713. Chapter 713Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 157
  714. Chapter 714Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 158
  715. Chapter 715Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 159
  716. Chapter 716Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 160
  717. Chapter 717Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 161
  718. Chapter 718Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 162
  719. Chapter 719Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 163
  720. Chapter 720Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 164
  721. Chapter 721Book 4, Chapter 165 — Pheretime Flees to Egypt
  722. Chapter 722Book 4, Chapter 166 — Aryandes Imitates Darius and Is Executed
  723. Chapter 723Book 4, Chapter 167 — Persian Army Dispatched to Barca
  724. Chapter 724Book 4, Chapter 168 — The Adyrmachidai of Libya
  725. Chapter 725Book 4, Chapter 169 — The Giligamai and the Silphion Region
  726. Chapter 726Book 4, Chapter 170 — The Asbystai and Their Four-Horse Chariots
  727. Chapter 727Book 4, Chapter 171 — The Auchisai and Bacales
  728. Chapter 728Book 4, Chapter 172 — The Nasamonians: Locust-Eaters and Oath-Takers
  729. Chapter 729Book 4, Chapter 173 — The Psylloi: Destroyed by the South Wind
  730. Chapter 730Book 4, Chapter 174 — The Garamantians: A Reclusive Desert People
  731. Chapter 731Book 4, Chapter 175 — The Macai and the River Kinyps
  732. Chapter 732Book 4, Chapter 176 — The Gindanes: Women Who Count Their Lovers
  733. Chapter 733Book 4, Chapter 177 — The Lotophagoi: Eaters of the Lotus
  734. Chapter 734Book 4, Chapter 178 — The Machlyans and Lake Tritonis
  735. Chapter 735Book 4, Chapter 179 — Jason and the Argo at Lake Tritonis
  736. Chapter 736Book 4, Chapter 180 — The Auseans and the Festival of Athene
  737. Chapter 737Book 4, Chapter 181 — The Belt of Sand and the Salt Hills of the Interior
  738. Chapter 738Book 4, Chapter 182 — Augila: The Oasis of the Nasamonians
  739. Chapter 739Book 4, Chapter 183 — The Garamantians of the Interior
  740. Chapter 740Book 4, Chapter 184 — The Atarantians: A People Without Personal Names
  741. Chapter 741Book 4, Chapter 185 — The Limit of Herodotus's Libyan Knowledge
  742. Chapter 742Book 4, Chapter 186 — Libyan Dietary Taboos and Egyptian Influence
  743. Chapter 743Book 4, Chapter 187 — Libyan Child-Rearing and Cauterisation
  744. Chapter 744Book 4, Chapter 188 — Libyan Sacrifice and Religion
  745. Chapter 745Book 4, Chapter 189 — Athene's Dress Derived from Libyan Women
  746. Chapter 746Book 4, Chapter 190 — Nomadic Libyan Burial Customs
  747. Chapter 747Book 4, Chapter 191 — The Maxyans: Settled Farmers Who Claim Trojan Origin
  748. Chapter 748Book 4, Chapter 192 — Fauna of the Libyan Interior
  749. Chapter 749Book 4, Chapter 193 — The Zauekes: Women as Charioteers in War
  750. Chapter 750Book 4, Chapter 194 — The Gyzantes: Beekeepers Who Eat Monkeys
  751. Chapter 751Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 195
  752. Chapter 752Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 196
  753. Chapter 753Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 197
  754. Chapter 754Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 198
  755. Chapter 755Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 199
  756. Chapter 756Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 200
  757. Chapter 757Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 201
  758. Chapter 758Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 202
  759. Chapter 759Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 203
  760. Chapter 760Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 204
  761. Chapter 761Book 4 — Melpomene, Chapter 205
  762. Chapter 762Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 1
  763. Chapter 763Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 2
  764. Chapter 764Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 3
  765. Chapter 765Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 4
  766. Chapter 766Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 5
  767. Chapter 767Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 6
  768. Chapter 768Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 7
  769. Chapter 769Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 8
  770. Chapter 770Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 9
  771. Chapter 771Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 10
  772. Chapter 772Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 11
  773. Chapter 773Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 12
  774. Chapter 774Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 13
  775. Chapter 775Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 14
  776. Chapter 776Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 15
  777. Chapter 777Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 16
  778. Chapter 778Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 17
  779. Chapter 779Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 18
  780. Chapter 780Book 5 — Terpsichore, Chapter 19
  781. Chapter 781
  782. Chapter 782
  783. Chapter 783
  784. Chapter 784
  785. Chapter 785
  786. Chapter 786
  787. Chapter 787
  788. Chapter 788
  789. Chapter 789
  790. Chapter 790
  791. Chapter 791
  792. Chapter 792
  793. Chapter 793
  794. Chapter 794
  795. Chapter 795
  796. Chapter 796
  797. Chapter 797
  798. Chapter 798
  799. Chapter 799
  800. Chapter 800
  801. Chapter 801
  802. Chapter 802
  803. Chapter 803
  804. Chapter 804
  805. Chapter 805
  806. Chapter 806
  807. Chapter 807
  808. Chapter 808
  809. Chapter 809
  810. Chapter 810
  811. Chapter 811The Road to Susa: Aristagoras and Cleomenes
  812. Chapter 812Aristagoras Bribes Cleomenes: Gorgo's Warning
  813. Chapter 813The Persian Royal Road from Sardis to Susa
  814. Chapter 814Calculating the Distance from Sardis to Susa
  815. Chapter 815Aristagoras Was Right About the Journey
  816. Chapter 816Athens After the Tyrants: The Murder of Hipparchus
  817. Chapter 817The Dream of Hipparchus Before the Panathenaia
  818. Chapter 818The Gephyraians: Assassins of Phoenician Descent
  819. Chapter 819The Phoenician Origin of the Greek Alphabet
  820. Chapter 820Cadmeian Letters on Tripods at Thebes
  821. Chapter 821The Tripod of Scaios: Reading Ancient Greek Inscriptions
  822. Chapter 822The Tripod of Laodamas and the Cadmeian Exile
  823. Chapter 823The Alcmaionidae Bribe the Oracle to Free Athens
  824. Chapter 824Sparta's First Expedition Against the Athenian Tyrants
  825. Chapter 825Cleomenes Leads a Larger Force to Athens
  826. Chapter 826The Fall of the Peisistratids: The Sons Are Captured
  827. Chapter 827Cleisthenes and Isagoras Struggle for Athens
  828. Chapter 828Cleisthenes of Sikyon: The Model for Athens
  829. Chapter 829Renaming the Tribes: Contempt for Dorian Names
  830. Chapter 830Athenian Cleisthenes Reorganises the Tribes
  831. Chapter 831Isagoras Calls Cleomenes and the Curse of Kylon
  832. Chapter 832The Kylonian Affair: Athens' Ancient Curse
  833. Chapter 833Cleomenes Enters Athens and Expels Seven Hundred Families
  834. Chapter 834Athens Recalls Cleisthenes and Sends Envoys to Persia
  835. Chapter 835Cleomenes Plans Revenge on Athens
  836. Chapter 836Demaratus Breaks the Spartan Expedition Against Athens
  837. Chapter 837The Dorians' Four Invasions of Attica
  838. Chapter 838Athens Defeats Boeotia and Chalcis in a Single Day
  839. Chapter 839Freedom Makes Athens Strong: The Value of Equality
  840. Chapter 840Thebes Seeks Revenge and Consults the Oracle
  841. Chapter 841The Oracle Explained: Aegina as Thebes's Helper
  842. Chapter 842The Aeginetans Attack Athens
  843. Chapter 843The Origin of the Athenian-Aeginetan Rivalry: The Epidaurian Cult
  844. Chapter 844Aegina Breaks from Epidaurus
  845. Chapter 845Athens Demands the Sacred Images from Aegina
  846. Chapter 846Athens Attempts to Seize the Images by Force
  847. Chapter 847The Aeginetan Version: Athenians Destroyed by Aeginetan and Argive Forces
  848. Chapter 848The Sole Survivor and the Founding of a Dress Custom
  849. Chapter 849The Origins of Dorian and Ionian Women's Dress
  850. Chapter 850The Ongoing Athenian-Aeginetan Enmity
  851. Chapter 851Sparta Learns of the Alcmaeonid Conspiracy and Moves to Restore Hippias
  852. Chapter 852Sparta Convenes Its Allies to Debate Restoring Hippias
  853. Chapter 853The Corinthian Socles Warns Against Tyranny
  854. Chapter 854Hippias Prophesies Future Athenian-Corinthian Conflict
  855. Chapter 855Hippias Offered Refuge in Macedonia and Thessaly, Settles in Sigeion
  856. Chapter 856The Poet Alcaeus Loses His Armour at Sigeion
  857. Chapter 857Hippias Stirs Up Persia Against Athens
  858. Chapter 858Aristagoras Arrives in Athens and Wins Support for the Ionian Revolt
  859. Chapter 859Aristagoras Provokes Persia Further: The Paeonian Plan
  860. Chapter 860Athens Sends Twenty Ships to Aid Miletus
  861. Chapter 861The Ionian and Athenian Army Marches on Sardis
  862. Chapter 862Sardis Burns: The Ionian Revolt's Most Dramatic Act
  863. Chapter 863The Burning of the Temple of Cybebe and the Persian Pretext
  864. Chapter 864Athens Withdraws from the Ionian Revolt
  865. Chapter 865Cyprus Joins the Revolt: Onesilus Seizes Salamis
  866. Chapter 866Darius Learns of the Burning of Sardis and Vows Revenge on Athens
  867. Chapter 867Darius Releases Histiaeus: A Deception Accepted
  868. Chapter 868Histiaeus Deceives Darius and Departs for the Coast
  869. Chapter 869Events in Cyprus During Histiaeus's Journey West
  870. Chapter 870The Cyprian Despots Offer the Ionians a Strategic Choice
  871. Chapter 871The Battle of Cyprus — Ionian Fleet vs. Phoenicians
  872. Chapter 872Onesilos and the Persian General Artybios
  873. Chapter 873The Samians Excel at Sea; Artybios Falls on Land
  874. Chapter 874Treachery at Curion; Cyprus Revolt Crushed
  875. Chapter 875The Head of Onesilos and the Bees of Amathus
  876. Chapter 876Ionian Fleet Withdraws; Cyprus Re-enslaved
  877. Chapter 877Persian Commanders Advance on the Hellespont Cities
  878. Chapter 878Daurises Takes Hellespont Cities; Carians Resist
  879. Chapter 879Carians Defeated at the Marsyas River
  880. Chapter 880Carians Renew the Fight with Milesian Reinforcements
  881. Chapter 881Carians Avenge Their Defeat by Night Ambush at Pedasos
  882. Chapter 882Hymaies Campaigns in the Propontis and Troad
  883. Chapter 883Artaphrenes and Otanes Campaign in Ionia and Aeolia
  884. Chapter 884Aristagoras Loses Courage and Plans to Flee
  885. Chapter 885Hecataeus Advises a Fortified Island Refuge
  886. Chapter 886Aristagoras Flees to Thrace and Dies at Myrcinus
  887. Chapter 887Book 6 Begins: Histiaeus Returns; Artaphrenes Sees Through Him
  888. Chapter 888Histiaeus Flees Sardis and Attempts to Lead Ionia
  889. Chapter 889Histiaeus Deceives the Ionians About the Revolt's Origin
  890. Chapter 890Histiaeus Tries to Subvert the Persian Garrison at Sardis
  891. Chapter 891Histiaeus Blocked from Miletus; Sets Up at Byzantium
  892. Chapter 892Persia Prepares the Final Assault on Miletus
  893. Chapter 893The Ionians Resolve to Fight at Sea; Fleet Assembles at Lade
  894. Chapter 894Order of Battle: The Ionian Fleet at Lade
  895. Chapter 895Persians Fear the Ionian Fleet; Tyrants Try to Subvert It
  896. Chapter 896Ionians Reject the Tyrants' Offers; Each Fears Being Singled Out
  897. Chapter 897Dionysius of Phocaea Exhorts the Ionians at Lade
  898. Chapter 898Ionian Crews Obey Dionysius but Mutiny After Seven Days
  899. Chapter 899Samians Agree to Desert; Aeaces Recovers His Tyranny
  900. Chapter 900Battle of Lade Begins; Samians Desert Mid-Fight
  901. Chapter 901Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 15
  902. Chapter 902Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 16
  903. Chapter 903Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 17
  904. Chapter 904Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 18
  905. Chapter 905Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 19
  906. Chapter 906Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 20
  907. Chapter 907Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 21
  908. Chapter 908Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 22
  909. Chapter 909Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 23
  910. Chapter 910Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 24
  911. Chapter 911Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 25
  912. Chapter 912Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 26
  913. Chapter 913Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 27
  914. Chapter 914Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 28
  915. Chapter 915Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 29
  916. Chapter 916Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 30
  917. Chapter 917Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 31
  918. Chapter 918Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 32
  919. Chapter 919Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 33
  920. Chapter 920Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 34
  921. Chapter 921Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 35
  922. Chapter 922Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 36
  923. Chapter 923Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 37
  924. Chapter 924Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 38
  925. Chapter 925Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 39
  926. Chapter 926Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 40
  927. Chapter 927Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 41
  928. Chapter 928Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 42
  929. Chapter 929Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 43
  930. Chapter 930Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 44
  931. Chapter 931Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 45
  932. Chapter 932Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 46
  933. Chapter 933Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 47
  934. Chapter 934Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 48
  935. Chapter 935Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 49
  936. Chapter 936Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 50
  937. Chapter 937Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 51
  938. Chapter 938Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 52
  939. Chapter 939Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 53
  940. Chapter 940Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 54
  941. Chapter 941Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 55
  942. Chapter 942Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 56
  943. Chapter 943Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 57
  944. Chapter 944Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 58
  945. Chapter 945Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 59
  946. Chapter 946Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 60
  947. Chapter 947Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 61
  948. Chapter 948Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 62
  949. Chapter 949Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 63
  950. Chapter 950Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 64
  951. Chapter 951Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 65
  952. Chapter 952Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 66
  953. Chapter 953Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 67
  954. Chapter 954Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 68
  955. Chapter 955Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 69
  956. Chapter 956Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 70
  957. Chapter 957Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 71
  958. Chapter 958Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 72
  959. Chapter 959Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 73
  960. Chapter 960Book 6 — Erato, Chapter 74
  961. Chapter 961The Madness and Death of Cleomenes
  962. Chapter 962Cleomenes and the Oracle of Argos
  963. Chapter 963Battle of Sepeia — The Argives Routed
  964. Chapter 964The Ruse of the Herald's Cry
  965. Chapter 965Cleomenes Lures Men from the Sacred Grove
  966. Chapter 966Cleomenes Burns the Sacred Grove of Argos
  967. Chapter 967Cleomenes Denied at the Temple of Hera
  968. Chapter 968Cleomenes Defends His Conduct Before the Ephors
  969. Chapter 969Argos After Sepeia — Slaves and Survivors
  970. Chapter 970Competing Explanations for Cleomenes's Madness
  971. Chapter 971The Egina Hostage Crisis — Leotychides Sent to Athens
  972. Chapter 972The Story of Glaukos and the Sacred Deposit
  973. Chapter 973Egina Attacks Athens — The Sacred Ship Seized
  974. Chapter 974Athens Recruits Nicodromos to Betray Egina
  975. Chapter 975Nicodromos's Revolt Fails — Athens Arrives Too Late
  976. Chapter 976Nicodromos Exiled to Sunion — Athenian Atrocity
  977. Chapter 977Eginetan Oligarchs Massacre Their Opponents
  978. Chapter 978Athens and Egina at Sea — Argive Refusal to Help
  979. Chapter 979Egina Defeats Athens at Sea
  980. Chapter 980Darius Prepares His Expedition Against Athens
  981. Chapter 981The Persian Fleet Assembles in Cilicia
  982. Chapter 982Naxos Taken — Delos Reverenced
  983. Chapter 983The Earthquake of Delos — An Omen
  984. Chapter 984The Persian Fleet Gathers Hostages from the Islands
  985. Chapter 985The Persian Fleet Reaches Eretria
  986. Chapter 986Eretria Betrayed and Burned
  987. Chapter 987The Persians Land at Marathon
  988. Chapter 988Hippias's Dream and the Athenian March to Marathon
  989. Chapter 989The Athenian Generals at Marathon — Miltiades Introduced
  990. Chapter 990Miltiades — Background and Escape from the Persians
  991. Chapter 991Pheidippides and the Appearance of Pan
  992. Chapter 992Pheidippides Reaches Sparta
  993. Chapter 993Hippias's Dream and the Landing at Marathon
  994. Chapter 994The Plataeans Join Athens at Marathon
  995. Chapter 995The Debate Among the Athenian Generals
  996. Chapter 996Miltiades Waits for His Turn of Command
  997. Chapter 997The Athenian Battle Order at Marathon
  998. Chapter 998The Athenians Charge at a Run
  999. Chapter 999The Battle of Marathon: Persian Center Breaks the Greek Line
  1000. Chapter 1000Callimachus Killed, Cynegirus Loses His Hand
  1001. Chapter 1001The Persians Sail Around Sunion for Athens
  1002. Chapter 1002Athens Saved: The Army's Race Back from Marathon
  1003. Chapter 1003Casualties at Marathon and the Blindness of Epizelos
  1004. Chapter 1004Datis Finds a Gold Image of Apollo
  1005. Chapter 1005The Eretrian Captives at the Court of Darius
  1006. Chapter 1006The Spartans Arrive Too Late
  1007. Chapter 1007Herodotus Defends the Alcmaeonidae
  1008. Chapter 1008Callias the Alcmaeonid at the Olympics
  1009. Chapter 1009The Alcmaeonidae as Architects of Athenian Democracy
  1010. Chapter 1010No Motive for Alcmaeonid Betrayal
  1011. Chapter 1011Alcmaeon and the Gold of Croesus
  1012. Chapter 1012Cleisthenes of Sicyon Seeks a Son-in-Law
  1013. Chapter 1013The Suitors of Agariste
  1014. Chapter 1014Cleisthenes Tests the Suitors for a Year
  1015. Chapter 1015Hippocleides Dances Away His Marriage
  1016. Chapter 1016Megacles the Alcmaeonid Wins Agariste
  1017. Chapter 1017Cleisthenes the Reformer Born from the Marriage
  1018. Chapter 1018Miltiades Commands an Expedition Against Paros
  1019. Chapter 1019The Siege of Paros Begins
  1020. Chapter 1020Timo the Priestess and Miltiades's Sacrilege at Paros
  1021. Chapter 1021Miltiades Returns from Paros in Disgrace
  1022. Chapter 1022The Athenians Prosecute Miltiades
  1023. Chapter 1023How Miltiades Seized Lemnos from the Pelasgians
  1024. Chapter 1024The Pelasgians Kill Their Athenian Wives and Children
  1025. Chapter 1025The Pelasgians' Guilt and the Oracle at Delphi
  1026. Chapter 1026Lemnos Surrendered to Athens
  1027. Chapter 1027Darius Hears of Marathon and Plans a New Invasion
  1028. Chapter 1028The Succession Dispute Among Darius's Sons
  1029. Chapter 1029Demaratus Supports Xerxes' Claim to the Throne
  1030. Chapter 1030Darius Names Xerxes Heir and Dies
  1031. Chapter 1031Xerxes Initially Reluctant to Invade Greece
  1032. Chapter 1032Mardonius and the Aleuadae Press for War with Greece
  1033. Chapter 1033Xerxes Subdues Egypt and Prepares for Greece
  1034. Chapter 1034Xerxes Addresses the Persian Nobles on the Greek War
  1035. Chapter 1035Mardonius Endorses the Invasion and Flatters Xerxes
  1036. Chapter 1036Artabanus Counsels Against the Invasion
  1037. Chapter 1037Xerxes Rebukes Artabanus and Commits to War
  1038. Chapter 1038A Vision in the Night Changes Xerxes' Mind
  1039. Chapter 1039Xerxes Dismisses the Dream by Day
  1040. Chapter 1040The Dream Appears to Artabanus
  1041. Chapter 1041Xerxes Proposes Artabanus Test the Dream
  1042. Chapter 1042Artabanus Agrees to Test the Dream — and His Reasoning
  1043. Chapter 1043The Dream Threatens Artabanus and Confirms the Expedition
  1044. Chapter 1044Artabanus Convinced — Advises Xerxes on Strategy
  1045. Chapter 1045A Third Dream Confirms the Invasion
  1046. Chapter 1046Four Years of Preparation for the Invasion of Greece
  1047. Chapter 1047The Scale of Xerxes' Army Surpasses All Previous Expeditions
  1048. Chapter 1048Xerxes Digs the Athos Canal
  1049. Chapter 1049How the Athos Canal Was Dug
  1050. Chapter 1050Herodotus on Xerxes' Motive for the Canal
  1051. Chapter 1051Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 25
  1052. Chapter 1052Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 26
  1053. Chapter 1053Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 27
  1054. Chapter 1054Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 28
  1055. Chapter 1055Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 29
  1056. Chapter 1056Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 30
  1057. Chapter 1057Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 31
  1058. Chapter 1058Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 32
  1059. Chapter 1059Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 33
  1060. Chapter 1060Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 34
  1061. Chapter 1061Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 36
  1062. Chapter 1062Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 37
  1063. Chapter 1063Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 38
  1064. Chapter 1064Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 40
  1065. Chapter 1065Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 41
  1066. Chapter 1066Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 42
  1067. Chapter 1067Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 43
  1068. Chapter 1068Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 44
  1069. Chapter 1069Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 45
  1070. Chapter 1070Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 46
  1071. Chapter 1071Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 47
  1072. Chapter 1072Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 48
  1073. Chapter 1073Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 49
  1074. Chapter 1074Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 50
  1075. Chapter 1075Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 51
  1076. Chapter 1076Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 52
  1077. Chapter 1077Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 53
  1078. Chapter 1078Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 54
  1079. Chapter 1079Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 55
  1080. Chapter 1080Book 7 — Polymnia, Chapter 56
  1081. Chapter 1081
  1082. Chapter 1082
  1083. Chapter 1083
  1084. Chapter 1084
  1085. Chapter 1085
  1086. Chapter 1086
  1087. Chapter 1087
  1088. Chapter 1088
  1089. Chapter 1089
  1090. Chapter 1090
  1091. Chapter 1091
  1092. Chapter 1092
  1093. Chapter 1093
  1094. Chapter 1094
  1095. Chapter 1095
  1096. Chapter 1096
  1097. Chapter 1097
  1098. Chapter 1098
  1099. Chapter 1099
  1100. Chapter 1100
  1101. Chapter 1101
  1102. Chapter 1102
  1103. Chapter 1103
  1104. Chapter 1104
  1105. Chapter 1105
  1106. Chapter 1106
  1107. Chapter 1107
  1108. Chapter 1108
  1109. Chapter 1109
  1110. Chapter 1110
  1111. Chapter 1111
  1112. Chapter 1112
  1113. Chapter 1113
  1114. Chapter 1114
  1115. Chapter 1115
  1116. Chapter 1116
  1117. Chapter 1117
  1118. Chapter 1118
  1119. Chapter 1119
  1120. Chapter 1120
  1121. Chapter 1121
  1122. Chapter 1122
  1123. Chapter 1123
  1124. Chapter 1124
  1125. Chapter 1125
  1126. Chapter 1126
  1127. Chapter 1127
  1128. Chapter 1128
  1129. Chapter 1129
  1130. Chapter 1130
  1131. Chapter 1131
  1132. Chapter 1132
  1133. Chapter 1133
  1134. Chapter 1134
  1135. Chapter 1135
  1136. Chapter 1136
  1137. Chapter 1137
  1138. Chapter 1138
  1139. Chapter 1139
  1140. Chapter 1140
  1141. Chapter 1141The Cost of Feeding the Persian Army
  1142. Chapter 1142Megacreon's Wry Thanksgiving
  1143. Chapter 1143Xerxes Divides the Army at Acanthus
  1144. Chapter 1144The Fleet Sails Through the Athos Canal
  1145. Chapter 1145The Fleet Rounds Pallene
  1146. Chapter 1146The Army Marches Through Paeonia to Therma
  1147. Chapter 1147Lions Attack the Baggage Camels
  1148. Chapter 1148The Range of Lions in Europe
  1149. Chapter 1149The Persian Camp Spreads Across the Thermaic Plain
  1150. Chapter 1150Xerxes Sails to View the Vale of Tempe
  1151. Chapter 1151The Ancient Lake of Thessaly
  1152. Chapter 1152Xerxes Praises the Prudence of the Thessalians
  1153. Chapter 1153Heralds Return with Earth and Water
  1154. Chapter 1154The Medizing Greek States
  1155. Chapter 1155Why Xerxes Sent No Heralds to Athens or Sparta
  1156. Chapter 1156The Wrath of Talthybius Falls on Sparta
  1157. Chapter 1157Sperthias and Bulis Refuse to Prostrate Before Hydarnes
  1158. Chapter 1158The Spartans Refuse to Prostrate Before Xerxes
  1159. Chapter 1159The Wrath of Talthybius Appeased — and Later Revived
  1160. Chapter 1160Greek Responses to the Coming Invasion
  1161. Chapter 1161The Athenians as Saviors of Greece
  1162. Chapter 1162The First Oracle to Athens: Flee to the Uttermost Limits
  1163. Chapter 1163The Second Oracle: The Wooden Wall
  1164. Chapter 1164Interpreting the Wooden Wall Oracle
  1165. Chapter 1165Themistocles Interprets the Oracle as the Fleet
  1166. Chapter 1166Themistocles Persuades Athens to Build the Fleet
  1167. Chapter 1167The Greek Alliance Assembles and Sends Spies
  1168. Chapter 1168Xerxes Spares the Greek Spies and Shows Them the Army
  1169. Chapter 1169Xerxes's Strategy of Intimidation
  1170. Chapter 1170The Greek Alliance Approaches Argos
  1171. Chapter 1171The Argive Council and the Oracle's Prohibition
  1172. Chapter 1172Xerxes's Herald to Argos and Rival Traditions
  1173. Chapter 1173Callias and the Athenian Embassy at Susa
  1174. Chapter 1174Herodotus's Suspended Judgment on Argive Conduct
  1175. Chapter 1175Gelon of Syracuse: Origins and Rise to Power
  1176. Chapter 1176Hippocrates and the Expansion of Gela
  1177. Chapter 1177Gelon Seizes Power in Gela and Syracuse
  1178. Chapter 1178Gelon Strengthens Syracuse
  1179. Chapter 1179Greek Envoys Appeal to Gelon for Alliance
  1180. Chapter 1180Gelon's Rebuke: Sparta Ignored Sicily's Earlier Appeals
  1181. Chapter 1181Syagros Refuses Gelon's Demand for Command
  1182. Chapter 1182Gelon's Final Compromise Offer to the Greeks
  1183. Chapter 1183The Athenian Envoy Rejects Gelon's Terms
  1184. Chapter 1184Gelon Dismisses the Envoys
  1185. Chapter 1185Gelon's Secret Diplomacy with Persia
  1186. Chapter 1186Cadmos of Cos: A Portrait of Voluntary Justice
  1187. Chapter 1187Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily and the Battle of Himera
  1188. Chapter 1188Simultaneous Victories: Himera and Salamis
  1189. Chapter 1189Carthaginian Account of Hamilcar's Death
  1190. Chapter 1190The Corcyreans: Promises Made and Evaded
  1191. Chapter 1191The Cretans Consult Delphi and Decline to Help
  1192. Chapter 1192Minos in Sicily and the Mythic Foundation of the Oracle's Warning
  1193. Chapter 1193Crete Repopulated After the Sicilian Disaster
  1194. Chapter 1194Thessaly's Coerced Medism and Appeal to the Isthmus
  1195. Chapter 1195The Greek Expedition to Tempe and Its Abandonment
  1196. Chapter 1196Thessaly Goes Over to Persia
  1197. Chapter 1197The Greeks Choose Thermopylae and Artemision
  1198. Chapter 1198The Geography of Thermopylae and Artemision
  1199. Chapter 1199Greek Advance to Thermopylae and the Oracle at Delphi
  1200. Chapter 1200The Delphians Pray to the Winds and Enlist Divine Aid
  1201. Chapter 1201
  1202. Chapter 1202
  1203. Chapter 1203
  1204. Chapter 1204
  1205. Chapter 1205
  1206. Chapter 1206
  1207. Chapter 1207
  1208. Chapter 1208
  1209. Chapter 1209
  1210. Chapter 1210
  1211. Chapter 1211
  1212. Chapter 1212
  1213. Chapter 1213
  1214. Chapter 1214
  1215. Chapter 1215
  1216. Chapter 1216
  1217. Chapter 1217
  1218. Chapter 1218
  1219. Chapter 1219
  1220. Chapter 1220
  1221. Chapter 1221
  1222. Chapter 1222
  1223. Chapter 1223
  1224. Chapter 1224
  1225. Chapter 1225
  1226. Chapter 1226
  1227. Chapter 1227
  1228. Chapter 1228
  1229. Chapter 1229
  1230. Chapter 1230
  1231. Chapter 1231
  1232. Chapter 1232
  1233. Chapter 1233
  1234. Chapter 1234
  1235. Chapter 1235
  1236. Chapter 1236
  1237. Chapter 1237
  1238. Chapter 1238
  1239. Chapter 1239
  1240. Chapter 1240
  1241. Chapter 1241
  1242. Chapter 1242
  1243. Chapter 1243
  1244. Chapter 1244
  1245. Chapter 1245
  1246. Chapter 1246
  1247. Chapter 1247
  1248. Chapter 1248
  1249. Chapter 1249
  1250. Chapter 1250
  1251. Chapter 1251
  1252. Chapter 1252
  1253. Chapter 1253
  1254. Chapter 1254
  1255. Chapter 1255
  1256. Chapter 1256
  1257. Chapter 1257
  1258. Chapter 1258
  1259. Chapter 1259
  1260. Chapter 1260
  1261. Chapter 1261Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 1
  1262. Chapter 1262Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 2
  1263. Chapter 1263Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 3
  1264. Chapter 1264Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 4
  1265. Chapter 1265Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 5
  1266. Chapter 1266Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 6
  1267. Chapter 1267Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 7
  1268. Chapter 1268Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 8
  1269. Chapter 1269Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 9
  1270. Chapter 1270Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 10
  1271. Chapter 1271Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 11
  1272. Chapter 1272Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 12
  1273. Chapter 1273Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 13
  1274. Chapter 1274Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 14
  1275. Chapter 1275Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 15
  1276. Chapter 1276Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 16
  1277. Chapter 1277Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 17
  1278. Chapter 1278Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 18
  1279. Chapter 1279Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 19
  1280. Chapter 1280Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 20
  1281. Chapter 1281Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 21
  1282. Chapter 1282Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 22
  1283. Chapter 1283Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 23
  1284. Chapter 1284Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 24
  1285. Chapter 1285Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 25
  1286. Chapter 1286Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 26
  1287. Chapter 1287Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 27
  1288. Chapter 1288Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 28
  1289. Chapter 1289Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 29
  1290. Chapter 1290Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 30
  1291. Chapter 1291Book 8, Chapter 31 — Thessalian Guides and the Dorian Corridor
  1292. Chapter 1292Book 8, Chapter 32 — The Devastation of Phokis Begins
  1293. Chapter 1293Book 8, Chapter 33 — Cities of Phokis Burned; Apollo's Temple at Abai Plundered
  1294. Chapter 1294Book 8, Chapter 34 — The Army Divides at Panopeus; Boeotia Submits
  1295. Chapter 1295Book 8, Chapter 35 — The Detachment Marches on Delphi
  1296. Chapter 1296Book 8, Chapter 36 — Delphi Consults Apollo; the God Claims His Own Defense
  1297. Chapter 1297Book 8, Chapter 37 — Divine Signs Before the Temple of Pronaia
  1298. Chapter 1298Book 8, Chapter 38 — The Persians Flee Delphi; Miraculous Defenders Appear
  1299. Chapter 1299Book 8, Chapter 39 — The Heroes Phylacos and Autonoös; Rocks Preserved as Evidence
  1300. Chapter 1300Book 8, Chapter 40 — The Greek Fleet Moves to Salamis; Athens Considers Its Options
  1301. Chapter 1301Book 8, Chapter 41 — Athens Evacuated; the Sacred Serpent Refuses Its Honey-Cake
  1302. Chapter 1302Book 8, Chapter 42 — The Full Greek Fleet Assembles at Salamis; Eurybiades Commands
  1303. Chapter 1303Book 8, Chapter 43 — Peloponnesian Contingents at Salamis
  1304. Chapter 1304Book 8, Chapter 44 — The Athenian Contingent; the Pelasgian Origins of Attica
  1305. Chapter 1305Book 8, Chapter 45 — Megarian, Amprakiot, and Leucadian Contingents
  1306. Chapter 1306Book 8, Chapter 46 — Island Contingents: Aegina, Chalkis, Eretria, Keos, Naxos
  1307. Chapter 1307Book 8, Chapter 47 — Croton Sends One Ship; Phaÿllos the Pythian Victor
  1308. Chapter 1308Book 8, Chapter 48 — Fifty-Oared Galleys; Total Ships at Salamis: 378
  1309. Chapter 1309Book 8, Chapter 49 — Council Debate: Salamis or the Isthmus?
  1310. Chapter 1310Book 8, Chapter 50 — News: Xerxes Has Reached Attica; Thespiai and Plataea Burned
  1311. Chapter 1311Book 8, Chapter 51 — The Persians Reach Athens; the Acropolis Last Defenders
  1312. Chapter 1312Book 8, Chapter 52 — The Siege of the Acropolis; Fire-Arrows Against the Palisade
  1313. Chapter 1313Book 8, Chapter 53 — The Acropolis Falls; Persian Soldiers Climb the Unguarded Cliff
  1314. Chapter 1314Book 8, Chapter 54 — Xerxes Reports to Susa; Orders Athenian Exiles to Sacrifice
  1315. Chapter 1315Book 8, Chapter 55 — Athena's Olive Tree Sprouts Overnight After the Burning
  1316. Chapter 1316Book 8, Chapter 56 — The Greeks at Salamis Learn Athens Has Fallen; Commanders Begin to Flee
  1317. Chapter 1317Book 8, Chapter 57 — Mnesiphilos Advises Themistocles to Reconvene the Council
  1318. Chapter 1318Book 8, Chapter 58 — Themistocles Presents Mnesiphilos's Arguments as His Own
  1319. Chapter 1319Book 8, Chapter 59 — Themistocles Speaks Before His Turn; the Corinthian's Rebuke
  1320. Chapter 1320Book 8, Chapter 60 — Themistocles Makes the Strategic Case for Fighting at Salamis
  1321. Chapter 1321Themistocles Defies Adeimantos
  1322. Chapter 1322Themistocles Threatens to Sail Away
  1323. Chapter 1323Eurybiades Reverses Course
  1324. Chapter 1324Battle Preparations at Salamis
  1325. Chapter 1325The Vision of Dicaios — A Mystic Cloud
  1326. Chapter 1326The Persian Fleet Moves from Histiaia
  1327. Chapter 1327Xerxes Consults His Naval Commanders
  1328. Chapter 1328Artemisia Counsels Against the Sea Battle
  1329. Chapter 1329Xerxes Praises Artemisia
  1330. Chapter 1330The Persian Fleet Deploys at Salamis
  1331. Chapter 1331The Peloponnesians Wall the Isthmus
  1332. Chapter 1332The Greek Forces at the Isthmus
  1333. Chapter 1333The Seven Races of the Peloponnese
  1334. Chapter 1334Despair at the Isthmus
  1335. Chapter 1335Themistocles Sends the Secret Message
  1336. Chapter 1336The Persians Encircle Salamis
  1337. Chapter 1337Oracles Fulfilled at Salamis
  1338. Chapter 1338Contention Among the Greek Commanders
  1339. Chapter 1339Aristeides Arrives with News of Encirclement
  1340. Chapter 1340Themistocles Receives the Confirmation
  1341. Chapter 1341Aristeides Reports to the Council
  1342. Chapter 1342A Tenian Deserter Confirms the Trap
  1343. Chapter 1343Themistocles Addresses the Fleet at Dawn
  1344. Chapter 1344The Battle of Salamis Begins
  1345. Chapter 1345Dispositions at Salamis — Phoenicians and Ionians
  1346. Chapter 1346Greek Order Defeats Persian Numbers
  1347. Chapter 1347Artemisia Rams Her Own Ally
  1348. Chapter 1348Deaths of Persian Commanders
  1349. Chapter 1349Phoenicians Blame the Ionians
  1350. Chapter 1350The Eginetans Intercept the Persian Retreat
  1351. Chapter 1351Polycritos Taunts Themistocles at Salamis
  1352. Chapter 1352Aeginetans and Athenians Distinguished at Salamis
  1353. Chapter 1353The Corinthian Commander Accused of Flight at Salamis
  1354. Chapter 1354Aristides Captures the Isle of Psyttaleia
  1355. Chapter 1355Aftermath of Salamis — Wrecks, Spoils, and an Oracle
  1356. Chapter 1356Xerxes Fears Being Trapped in Europe
  1357. Chapter 1357The Persian Royal Post — Fastest Messengers in the World
  1358. Chapter 1358Susa Celebrates, Then Mourns — News from Salamis
  1359. Chapter 1359Mardonios Volunteers to Stay and Continue the War
  1360. Chapter 1360Xerxes Consults Artemisia — Stay or Retreat?
  1361. Chapter 1361Artemisia Advises Xerxes to Withdraw
  1362. Chapter 1362Xerxes Decides to Retreat — Artemisia Escorts His Sons
  1363. Chapter 1363Hermotimos the Eunuch — His Origin and Status
  1364. Chapter 1364Hermotimos Takes Revenge on Panionios the Slave Dealer
  1365. Chapter 1365Hermotimos Lures Panionios to His Destruction
  1366. Chapter 1366Xerxes Commands Mardonios and the Fleet Withdraws
  1367. Chapter 1367Greeks Pursue Xerxes's Fleet to the Hellespont
  1368. Chapter 1368Themistocles Argues Against Breaking the Hellespont Bridge
  1369. Chapter 1369Themistocles Sends a Secret Message to Xerxes
  1370. Chapter 1370Greeks Besiege Andros and Themistocles Extorts Other Islands
  1371. Chapter 1371Carystos and Paros Pay Tribute to Themistocles
  1372. Chapter 1372Xerxes and Mardonios March North Through Boeotia
  1373. Chapter 1373Spartans Demand Satisfaction from Xerxes for Leonidas
  1374. Chapter 1374Xerxes Reaches the Hellespont in Thirty-Five Days
  1375. Chapter 1375The Bisaltian King Blinds His Sons for Serving Xerxes
  1376. Chapter 1376The Persian Army Crosses the Hellespont — Bridges Gone
  1377. Chapter 1377Alternative Account — Xerxes Crosses the Aegean by Ship
  1378. Chapter 1378Herodotus Rejects the Ship Story as Implausible
  1379. Chapter 1379Xerxes at Abdera — Guest-Friendship and a Golden Sword
  1380. Chapter 1380Greeks Dedicate Spoils from Salamis — Three Triremes Offered
  1381. Chapter 1381Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 122
  1382. Chapter 1382Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 123
  1383. Chapter 1383Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 124
  1384. Chapter 1384Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 125
  1385. Chapter 1385Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 126
  1386. Chapter 1386Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 127
  1387. Chapter 1387Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 128
  1388. Chapter 1388Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 129
  1389. Chapter 1389Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 130
  1390. Chapter 1390Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 131
  1391. Chapter 1391Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 132
  1392. Chapter 1392Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 133
  1393. Chapter 1393Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 134
  1394. Chapter 1394Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 135
  1395. Chapter 1395Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 136
  1396. Chapter 1396Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 137
  1397. Chapter 1397Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 138
  1398. Chapter 1398Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 139
  1399. Chapter 1399Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 140
  1400. Chapter 1400Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 141
  1401. Chapter 1401Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 142
  1402. Chapter 1402Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 143
  1403. Chapter 1403Book 8 — Urania, Chapter 144
  1404. Chapter 1404Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 1
  1405. Chapter 1405Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 2
  1406. Chapter 1406Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 3
  1407. Chapter 1407Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 4
  1408. Chapter 1408Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 5
  1409. Chapter 1409Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 6
  1410. Chapter 1410Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 7
  1411. Chapter 1411The Ephors Delay Their Answer
  1412. Chapter 1412Chileos Persuades Sparta to March
  1413. Chapter 1413The Spartan Army Departs in Secrecy
  1414. Chapter 1414Allied Envoys Discover the Army Is Gone
  1415. Chapter 1415Argos Sends Word to Mardonios
  1416. Chapter 1416Mardonios Withdraws from Attica
  1417. Chapter 1417A Thousand Megarians Reach Megara
  1418. Chapter 1418Mardonios Marches to the Asopos
  1419. Chapter 1419The Banquet of Attaginos: A Persian Officer's Premonition
  1420. Chapter 1420Phocians Alone Refuse to Join Persia
  1421. Chapter 1421Persian Cavalry Threatens the Phocians
  1422. Chapter 1422The Greek Army Advances to Plataea
  1423. Chapter 1423Mardonios Sends Cavalry Against the Greeks
  1424. Chapter 1424The Megarians Call for Help Against the Cavalry
  1425. Chapter 1425Athenian Archers Wound Masistios's Horse
  1426. Chapter 1426Death of Masistios
  1427. Chapter 1427Persian Mourning for Masistios
  1428. Chapter 1428Greeks Move to Plataea and Display Masistios's Body
  1429. Chapter 1429Tegeans and Athenians Dispute the Left Wing
  1430. Chapter 1430Athenian Speech: Marathon and the Right to the Wing
  1431. Chapter 1431Order of Battle at Plataea: The Greek Line
  1432. Chapter 1432Total Greek Hoplite Numbers at Plataea
  1433. Chapter 1433Total Greek Force Including Light-Armed Troops
  1434. Chapter 1434Mardonios Deploys the Persian Army at the Asopos
  1435. Chapter 1435Persian Order of Battle: Nations Arrayed
  1436. Chapter 1436Tisamenos the Diviner Is Engaged by Sparta
  1437. Chapter 1437The Precedent of Melampus: Demanding Citizenship as Price
  1438. Chapter 1438Sparta Grants Tisamenos and His Brother Citizenship
  1439. Chapter 1439Sacrifices Favour Defence Only on Both Sides
  1440. Chapter 1440Mardonios's Sacrifices Also Forbid Attack
  1441. Chapter 1441Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 38
  1442. Chapter 1442Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 39
  1443. Chapter 1443Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 40
  1444. Chapter 1444Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 41
  1445. Chapter 1445Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 42
  1446. Chapter 1446Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 43
  1447. Chapter 1447Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 44
  1448. Chapter 1448Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 45
  1449. Chapter 1449Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 46
  1450. Chapter 1450Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 47
  1451. Chapter 1451Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 48
  1452. Chapter 1452Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 49
  1453. Chapter 1453Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 50
  1454. Chapter 1454Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 51
  1455. Chapter 1455Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 52
  1456. Chapter 1456Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 53
  1457. Chapter 1457Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 54
  1458. Chapter 1458Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 55
  1459. Chapter 1459Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 56
  1460. Chapter 1460Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 57
  1461. Chapter 1461Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 58
  1462. Chapter 1462Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 59
  1463. Chapter 1463Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 60
  1464. Chapter 1464Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 61
  1465. Chapter 1465Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 62
  1466. Chapter 1466Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 63
  1467. Chapter 1467Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 64
  1468. Chapter 1468Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 65
  1469. Chapter 1469Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 66
  1470. Chapter 1470Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 67
  1471. Chapter 1471Persian Cavalry Covers the Barbarian Flight
  1472. Chapter 1472Corinthians and Megarians Reach the Battle Too Late
  1473. Chapter 1473Athenians Break the Persian Stockade
  1474. Chapter 1474Debate Over Who Fought Best at Plataea
  1475. Chapter 1475Callicrates: The Most Beautiful Soldier Who Never Fought
  1476. Chapter 1476Sophanes of Dekeleia and Athenian Glory
  1477. Chapter 1477Sophanes's Iron Anchor: Two Accounts
  1478. Chapter 1478Sophanes Defeats an Olympic Champion, Then Falls at Daton
  1479. Chapter 1479The Concubine of Pharandates Seeks Pausanias
  1480. Chapter 1480Mantineians and Eleians Arrive After the Battle
  1481. Chapter 1481Lampon Urges Pausanias to Impale Mardonios
  1482. Chapter 1482Pausanias Rejects Vengeance on Mardonios's Corpse
  1483. Chapter 1483Plundering the Persian Camp
  1484. Chapter 1484The Greeks Divide the Spoil and Dedicate Offerings
  1485. Chapter 1485Pausanias Shows the Greeks the Difference Between East and West
  1486. Chapter 1486Plataea's Buried Wonders
  1487. Chapter 1487The Fate of Mardonios's Body
  1488. Chapter 1488Burial of the Greek Dead at Plataea
  1489. Chapter 1489Greeks March on Thebes to Demand Medizing Leaders
  1490. Chapter 1490Timagenides Offers Himself to End the Siege
  1491. Chapter 1491Pausanias Executes the Theban Collaborators Without Trial
  1492. Chapter 1492Artabazos's Retreat Through Thessaly and Thrace to Byzantion
  1493. Chapter 1493Samian Envoys Reach Leotychides at Delos
  1494. Chapter 1494Leotychides Accepts the Omen in the Name Hegesistratos
  1495. Chapter 1495The Samians Give Oaths of Alliance and the Fleet Prepares
  1496. Chapter 1496Euenios Blinded for Sleeping Through His Watch
  1497. Chapter 1497Euenios Chooses His Compensation and Receives the Gift of Prophecy
  1498. Chapter 1498Deïphonos the Fleet Diviner: Disputed Descent
  1499. Chapter 1499The Greek Fleet Sails to Samos; Persians Retreat to Mycale
  1500. Chapter 1500Persians Fortify the Beach at Mycale
  1501. Chapter 1501Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 98
  1502. Chapter 1502Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 99
  1503. Chapter 1503Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 100
  1504. Chapter 1504Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 101
  1505. Chapter 1505Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 102
  1506. Chapter 1506Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 103
  1507. Chapter 1507Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 104
  1508. Chapter 1508Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 105
  1509. Chapter 1509Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 106
  1510. Chapter 1510Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 107
  1511. Chapter 1511Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 108
  1512. Chapter 1512Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 109
  1513. Chapter 1513Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 110
  1514. Chapter 1514Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 111
  1515. Chapter 1515Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 112
  1516. Chapter 1516Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 113
  1517. Chapter 1517Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 114
  1518. Chapter 1518Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 115
  1519. Chapter 1519Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 116
  1520. Chapter 1520Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 117
  1521. Chapter 1521Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 118
  1522. Chapter 1522Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 119
  1523. Chapter 1523Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 120
  1524. Chapter 1524Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 121
  1525. Chapter 1525Book 9 — Calliope, Chapter 122
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