Paradiso 13 of 100

Mars — the warrior souls

The fifth sphere: Mars, where those who fought and died for the faith dwell. A cross of light fills the sphere; in the cross, souls move like sparks.

Summary

They rise to Mars. The sphere is deep red. A cross of light fills the whole sphere — the arms reach from horizon to horizon. In the cross, souls move like sparks, rising and falling and crossing and flashing. Their song: Dante cannot hear the words clearly, but the melody moves him beyond anything yet experienced.

He stares at the cross, absorbed, forgetting Beatrice briefly. When he looks back at her she is more beautiful than before — proof that they have risen to a higher sphere. He asks forgiveness. Then from the right arm of the cross, a soul descends toward him along the light, like a shooting star across the arm of the cross. It greets him in Latin — in the Latin of the twelfth century, pure and archaic: "O sanguis meus, O superinfusa gratia Dei!" My blood, O grace of God poured out. It is Cacciaguida.

All 100 chapters — click to jump
  1. Inferno 1Dante, lost in a dark wood, is driven back from a sunlit hill by three beasts. Virgil appears, sent by Beatrice, and offers to...
  2. Inferno 2As night falls, Dante doubts his fitness for the journey — who is he to walk where Aeneas and Paul walked? Virgil narrates the...
  3. Inferno 3Dante and Virgil pass through the gate of Hell — its inscription ending "Abandon all hope, you who enter here." Beyond it are the...
  4. Inferno 4Limbo: the first circle, without torment, full of sighs. The virtuous pagans and the unbaptized dwell in a noble castle with green...
  5. Inferno 5The second circle: Minos judges souls; the lustful are blown on a dark wind forever. Dante calls to Francesca and Paolo, who fly...
  6. Inferno 6Third circle: gluttons in filth under cold rain, Cerberus clawing them. Ciacco, a Florentine, recognizes Dante and prophesies the...
  7. Inferno 7Fourth circle: the hoarders and wasters roll weights at each other endlessly — many of them clerics and cardinals. Fifth circle...
  8. Inferno 8Phlegyas ferries Dante and Virgil across the Styx. Filippo Argenti tries to grab the boat; the other souls tear him apart. At the...
  9. Inferno 9The Furies appear on the tower, calling for Medusa. Virgil covers Dante's eyes. A heavenly messenger walks dry-footed across the...
  10. Inferno 10The heretics in burning tombs. Farinata degli Uberti, Ghibelline leader, questions Dante about Florentine politics from inside his...
  11. Inferno 11On the edge of the seventh circle, Virgil explains Hell's moral geography using Aristotle: incontinence (sins of excess) punished...
  12. Inferno 12The seventh circle, first ring: the violent against others submerged in a river of boiling blood to varying depths — Alexander the...
  13. Inferno 13Seventh circle, second ring: the suicides are imprisoned in trees. Dante breaks a branch; it bleeds and speaks — Pier della Vigna...
  14. Inferno 14Third ring of the seventh circle: a burning plain under a rain of fire. Blasphemers lie on the sand — Capaneus, cursing God even...
  15. Inferno 15Among the sodomites walking on the burning sand, Brunetto Latini — Dante's old teacher and mentor — recognizes Dante and takes his...
  16. Inferno 16Three noble Florentines run in a circle addressing Dante while their company moves. At the cliff edge, Virgil drops Dante's cord...
  17. Inferno 17The usurers squat on the burning sand, purses around their necks emblazoned with family crests — recognizable Florentine and...
  18. Inferno 18Malebolge, the eighth circle: ten stone ditches. First ditch: panderers and seducers lashed by horned demons; Jason of the Golden...
  19. Inferno 19Third ditch of Malebolge: simoniacs — those who sold sacred offices — are thrust head-down in rock holes, feet burning. Nicholas...
  20. Inferno 20Fourth ditch: diviners and fortune-tellers walk with their heads twisted entirely backward, weeping into their own backs. They can...
  21. Inferno 21Fifth ditch: boiling pitch; the barrators (those who sold public offices) are submerged and hooked back under by the demon guards...
  22. Inferno 22The Navarrese Ciampolo tricks the demons, dives into the pitch, and escapes. Two demons — Alichino and Calcabrina — fall in...
  23. Inferno 23Sixth ditch: hypocrites in gilded lead cloaks, beautiful outside, crushing within. Caiaphas, the high priest who counseled...
  24. Inferno 24Seventh ditch: the thieves run among serpents, bitten and transformed to ash and reconstituted, or merged with snakes. Vanni...
  25. Inferno 25More thieves and their transformations: a shade fuses entirely with a six-footed serpent into a hybrid creature; another shade and...
  26. Inferno 26Eighth ditch: the false counselors, hidden in flames. A forked tongue holds Ulysses and Diomedes. Ulysses tells the story of his...
  27. Inferno 27A second false counselor: Guido da Montefeltro, who gave fraud-based counsel to Boniface VIII in exchange for a promised...
  28. Inferno 28Ninth ditch: the sowers of discord, each split open by a demon's sword. Mohammed cloven from chin to crotch; Ali split from top to...
  29. Inferno 29Geri del Bello, Dante's cousin, gestures threateningly from the ninth ditch — killed and unavenged. The tenth ditch: alchemists...
  30. Inferno 30The impostors run mad through the tenth ditch. The counterfeiters, bloated with dropsy, cannot move. Master Adam and Sinon trade...
  31. Inferno 31The fog reveals giants standing in the pit that contains the ninth circle. Nimrod cries out in his own untranslatable language....
  32. Inferno 32Cocytus, the frozen ninth circle. The traitors to kindred are frozen face-down; those who betrayed their country are frozen...
  33. Inferno 33Count Ugolino gnaws Archbishop Ruggieri's skull and tells the story of being walled into the Tower of Hunger with his children...
  34. Inferno 34Lucifer: frozen in Cocytus, three-faced, chewing on Judas, Brutus, and Cassius with his three mouths. Dante and Virgil climb down...
  35. Purgatorio 1Dawn on the southern shore below Mount Purgatory. Cato of Utica, the guardian, challenges Virgil; Virgil invokes Beatrice. Cato...
  36. Purgatorio 2The new souls arrive. Casella, Dante's friend and musician, sings a love poem of Dante's. Everyone stops to listen — until Cato...
  37. Purgatorio 3The ante-Purgatorio: the excommunicated and those who delayed repentance wait at the mountain's base. Manfred of Sicily...
  38. Purgatorio 4More late-repentant souls wait in the ante-Purgatorio. Belacqua, a famously lazy Florentine, greets Dante with gentle irony. He...
  39. Purgatorio 5More violently killed penitents ask Dante to take messages home. Buonconte da Montefeltro explains how one tear of repentance at...
  40. Purgatorio 6Sordello, Mantuan troubadour, embraces Virgil when he hears his city's name. Dante digresses furiously on the state of Italy: "O...
  41. Purgatorio 7Night comes — no climbing in the dark. Sordello leads Dante and Virgil to the Valley of the Rulers, where the souls of European...
  42. Purgatorio 8Dante sleeps in the Valley of the Rulers and dreams of an eagle carrying him upward. He wakes at dawn to find himself at the gate...
  43. Purgatorio 9The gate opens. The first terrace of Purgatory: white marble reliefs depicting humility — the Annunciation, David's dance, Trajan...
  44. Purgatorio 10Oderisi da Gubbio, the illuminator, carries his stone and reflects on the transience of fame: Cimabue once led painting; now...
  45. Purgatorio 11Second terrace: the envious sit with eyelids sewn shut with iron wire, leaning against each other. They cannot see — those who...
  46. Purgatorio 12Guido del Duca laments the decay of the Romagna and Po valley cities. Voices cry punished examples of envy — Cain, Aglauros. The...
  47. Purgatorio 13Third terrace: a thick, dark, acrid smoke through which Dante must feel his way, hand on Virgil's shoulder. The wrathful walk in...
  48. Purgatorio 14Marco Lombardo defends free will against astrological determinism and blames Italy's corruption on the papacy's absorption of...
  49. Purgatorio 15Fourth terrace: the slothful run continuously. They shout examples of zeal as they pass — Mary's haste to the hills, Caesar's...
  50. Purgatorio 16Fifth terrace: the avaricious lie face-down on the ground, weeping. Pope Adrian V explains the contrapasso — those who could not...
  51. Purgatorio 17Hugh Capet, lying face-down, laments the crimes of his Capetian descendants — their seizure of Provence, their attack on Boniface...
  52. Purgatorio 18The mountain shakes when a soul completes its purgation — Statius, the Roman poet, is now free to ascend. He speaks of Virgil's...
  53. Purgatorio 19Sixth terrace: the gluttons walk gaunt and wasted past unreachable fruit and water. Forese Donati — Dante's close friend — is...
  54. Purgatorio 20Forese names the gluttons — Pope Martin IV loved eels and wine. Bonagiunta of Lucca asks Dante about the "sweet new style" of...
  55. Purgatorio 21Statius explains the formation and nature of the soul — how it acquires its faculties in the womb, how at death it takes the form...
  56. Purgatorio 22Seventh terrace: the lustful walk through flames crying examples of chastity. Two groups walk opposite ways. Guido Guinizelli...
  57. Purgatorio 23Dante refuses to pass through the seventh terrace's wall of fire until Virgil names Beatrice at the other side. He passes — it...
  58. Purgatorio 24The Earthly Paradise: forest, birdsong, a gentle stream. Matelda gathers flowers on the far bank, singing. She explains the Lethe...
  59. Purgatorio 25A great procession fills the Earthly Paradise: the books of the Bible, then a Griffin-drawn chariot (the Church), then more...
  60. Purgatorio 30Beatrice enters on the chariot, veiled. She calls Dante by name — the only use of his name in the poem. She is not gentle. She...
  61. Purgatorio 31Beatrice reproaches Dante; he confesses; she leads him through the Lethe (forgetting sins) and Matelda through the Eunoë...
  62. Purgatorio 32An allegorical pageant shows the history of the Church: persecutions, the Constantinian gift, heresy, schism, the corrupt papacy...
  63. Purgatorio 33The final movement of Purgatorio: Beatrice speaks of the DXV who will restore the Church; Dante is led to the Eunoë and restored....
  64. Purgatorio 26The lustful in fire. Guido Guinizelli — the father of Dante's style — points to Arnaut Daniel as the greater craftsman. Arnaut...
  65. Purgatorio 27Dante refuses the wall of fire until Virgil names Beatrice on the other side. He passes through — it burns — and they climb to the...
  66. Purgatorio 28The Earthly Paradise at the summit: ancient forest, birdsong, a stream. Matelda gathers flowers on the far bank and explains the...
  67. Purgatorio 29The great procession fills the Earthly Paradise: the books of the Bible as elders, the Evangelists as four beasts, a Griffin-drawn...
  68. Paradiso 1Dante rises into the first sphere, the Moon, drawn by Beatrice's gaze at the sun. No sensation of movement — the ascent is natural...
  69. Paradiso 2The Moon holds those who broke vows through force. Piccarda Donati — dragged from her convent — explains her perfect contentment...
  70. Paradiso 3Beatrice explains two puzzles: the equal joy of all the blessed despite different ranks; and the theology of broken vows. "Each...
  71. Paradiso 4Mercury: those who did good works partly for fame. Justinian tells the history of the Roman eagle from Aeneas to Charlemagne — a...
  72. Paradiso 5Venus: souls marked by the spirit of love. Charles Martel of Hungary discusses the providential diversity of human natures — why...
  73. Paradiso 6Cunizza da Romano rejoices in Venus without shame. Folquet of Marseille, troubadour turned crusading bishop, condemns Florence's...
  74. Paradiso 7The Heaven of the Sun: twelve great souls — Thomas Aquinas, Albertus Magnus, Boethius, Bede, Solomon among them — circle Dante and...
  75. Paradiso 8Thomas Aquinas delivers a radiant eulogy of Saint Francis of Assisi — his marriage to Lady Poverty, his stigmata, his preaching to...
  76. Paradiso 9A second circle of twelve forms. Bonaventure, a Franciscan, delivers an equally generous eulogy of Saint Dominic — the Dominican...
  77. Paradiso 10Aquinas on Solomon's wisdom: the greatest kingly wisdom ever granted, in response to Solomon's prayer for wisdom to govern. A...
  78. Paradiso 11The souls of the Sun sing beyond human capacity to hear. Aquinas explains the presence of Siger of Brabant — his intellectual...
  79. Paradiso 12A third circle of lights joins the two in the Heaven of the Sun. The joy is beyond description; Dante acknowledges the limitation....
  80. Paradiso 13The Heaven of Mars: a cross of light, souls moving like sparks within it, singing beyond all earthly hearing. Cacciaguida, Dante's...
  81. Paradiso 14Cacciaguida describes the virtuous Florence of the early twelfth century — modest houses, temperate citizens, no corrupt newcomers...
  82. Paradiso 15Cacciaguida prophecies the exile: the bitterness of another's bread, the heaviness of another's stairs. He instructs Dante to...
  83. Paradiso 16Cacciaguida names the warrior-saints shining in the cross of Mars: Joshua, Judas Maccabee, Charlemagne, Roland, Godfrey of...
  84. Paradiso 17Jupiter: the just rulers spell out "Love righteousness, you who judge the earth" with their movements, then form the shape of an...
  85. Paradiso 18The Eagle speaks as one voice and addresses the problem of the virtuous pagan: how can God damn a man who never heard of Christ?...
  86. Paradiso 19Saturn: a golden ladder into the upper heavens. Beatrice suppresses her smile — it would destroy Dante. Peter Damian descends and...
  87. Paradiso 20Saint Benedict descends the golden ladder and speaks: his monastery and his Rule have been corrupted by his monks. He points...
  88. Paradiso 21The Fixed Stars: Dante looks back down to the tiny earth. The triumphant hosts gather — Christ too bright to look at, Mary beside...
  89. Paradiso 22Saint Peter examines Dante on faith: its definition (Paul's), its basis (the Bible), the authority of the Bible (its miracles)....
  90. Paradiso 23Saint James examines Dante on hope — its definition, source, and quantity. Saint John appears too bright to look at; Dante is...
  91. Paradiso 24Saint John examines Dante on love. Dante passes. Adam appears and speaks: his time in Eden (seven hours), his sin (not the fruit...
  92. Paradiso 25The Primum Mobile: a point of pure light surrounded by nine rings of fire — the angelic orders, fastest near the center. The...
  93. Paradiso 26Beatrice explains the creation of the angels — simultaneous with Creation, some falling immediately, others constant. Then a...
  94. Paradiso 27The Empyrean: a river of light, flower banks, sparks flying between them. Dante drinks; the river resolves into the white rose of...
  95. Paradiso 28Dante turns to Beatrice — and finds Saint Bernard instead. Beatrice has taken her seat in the white rose. She smiles at Dante from...
  96. Paradiso 29Bernard explains the arrangement of the white rose: Hebrew patriarchs in the upper half, Christian saints in the lower. He...
  97. Paradiso 30Bernard prays to the Virgin Mary — "Virgin Mother, daughter of your Son" — asking her to grant Dante the final vision. All the...
  98. Paradiso 31Dante looks at the divine light. He sees all things — scattered through the universe — gathered in one volume, bound by love....
  99. Paradiso 32Dante stares at the human image in the Trinity. He cannot understand how the human fits the divine — like the geometer who cannot...
  100. Paradiso 33The final canto: Bernard's prayer, the vision of the Trinity, the human image in the Son, the flash of understanding, and the last...

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