Oedipus at Colonus a guided tour

The play Sophocles wrote in his nineties, in his last year of life, set in the village where he was born. The aged, blind Oedipus arrives at a sacred grove outside Athens and quietly recognizes the place where he is meant to die.

The book in brief

Oedipus at Colonus is the play in which the aged, blind Oedipus arrives at a sacred grove in the village of Colonus, just outside Athens, accompanied by his daughter Antigone. He has been an exile from Thebes for twenty years. He is at the end of his strength and quietly sure that the place where he is sitting is the place where he is fated to die. His other daughter Ismene arrives with news from Thebes: a new oracle has declared that whichever city holds Oedipus's body will be blessed in war, his sons are at war over the throne, and everyone wants him back. Creon comes to take him by force. Polyneices comes to beg his blessing. Theseus, king of Athens, comes to give him sanctuary. The play is the day Oedipus chooses where to die.

Sophocles wrote it in his last year of life, in his nineties, and it was produced posthumously by his grandson at the City Dionysia of 401 BCE. It is in eleven scenes — the longest of his surviving plays. Colonus was Sophocles's own birthplace; the grove he describes was the one he had walked in as a boy. The choral ode in praise of Colonus, sung in the middle of the play, was written by a man near death, in honor of his own home, while Athens was losing the Peloponnesian War. It is unusual among the surviving Greek tragedies in that its action turns toward something like consecration. Oedipus has done nothing to redeem himself; he has simply suffered, for a very long time, and has come to understand his suffering as the work of the gods rather than his own. At the end of the play he walks into the grove on his own feet, the only mortal he allows to follow him is Theseus, and his death is not staged but reported. The earth, the messenger says, opened gently and took him in.

Oedipus at Colonus, chapter by chapter

Click through the 11 chapters like a tour. Each card picks up where the last left off — a quick way to read Oedipus at Colonus in five minutes. Open any book in depth, or jump straight into the reader.

Scene 1 of 11
Scene 1

The arrival

The play opens on the road outside Athens. Oedipus, blind, leaning on his daughter Antigone, asks where they are. She does not know the village but recognizes the country. They sit on a stone at the edge of a sacred grove. A local stranger names it — the precinct of the Eumenides, the dread Daughters of Earth and Darkness. Oedipus, hearing the name, knows. Apollo had told him long ago that when he came to a sanctuary of these goddesses, he would have come to the place of his rest. He asks the stranger to fetch the king of Athens. The stranger goes. Oedipus prays, formally, as a suppliant.

Scene 2

The chorus arrives

The chorus of village elders enters, searching for the trespasser. Oedipus comes out of the grove, leaning on Antigone. They are at first only frightened — he is a stranger on holy ground. They press him to say his name and family. He tries to evade. Antigone urges him not to fight fate. He names himself: son of Laius, of the line of Labdacus, the luckless Oedipus. The chorus recoils. They order him out of their borders at once. Antigone pleads. The chorus wavers. They will not decide; they will leave it to the king. As they wait, Antigone sees Ismene riding up from Thebes.

Scene 3

Ismene's news

Ismene arrives, weeping. She has come alone from Thebes, with one loyal servant, to tell her father what is happening there. His sons Eteocles and Polyneices are at war over the throne — Eteocles holding the city, Polyneices marching from Argos with an army. A new oracle has been delivered: whichever land holds Oedipus's body will be blessed in war. Both sons want him back. Creon is on his way to take him. Oedipus listens, then asks the decisive question: have my sons heard this oracle? They have, both of them. He calls down a curse on both of them. Let neither hold the throne; let neither return.

Scene 4

The story told

The chorus instructs Oedipus on the rites of atonement to the Eumenides for trespass on their grove. Blind and weak, he cannot perform them himself; Ismene goes to the spring beyond the grove on his behalf. While they wait, the chorus presses him for the story they have heard from far away. He tries to refuse. They press. He gives in. He gives them the bare facts: the unknowing marriage, the unknowing killing. He insists in the legal language of the play that he is innocent in the eye of the law. The crimes are real; the blame is not his. As they finish, Theseus is announced.

Scene 5

Theseus arrives

Theseus arrives. He recognizes Oedipus on sight, by the marks of the long road, and addresses him without ceremony as son of Laius. He does not ask him to recite his crimes. He asks directly: what is it you want of me? Oedipus offers, in plain language, the gift of his worn-out body — useless to look at, valuable in ways Theseus will see in time. He explains the situation with his sons and Creon. Theseus, without hesitation, grants him refuge with the full authority of the city. The pledge is given without an oath. An oath, Theseus says quietly, would be no more reliable than my word.

Scene 6

The ode to Colonus

Theseus has gone. The chorus, alone with Oedipus and Antigone, sings the play's most famous ode — the song in praise of Colonus, the village just outside Athens. The ode names what the country produces: nightingales hidden in the wine-dark ivy of the grove, narcissus and crocus by the streams, the unfailing springs of Cephisus, the grey-leaved olive that the gods themselves planted, the horses Poseidon trained on these very roads, the ships Athena set on the sea. Sophocles wrote the ode near the end of his life about the village of his birth. As the song ends, Antigone sees Creon and his men approaching.

Scene 7

Creon by force

Creon enters with a small armed company. He addresses the elders politely and Oedipus warmly. He has come, he says, as a kinsman, to bring his old brother-in-law home. Thebes wants him back. Oedipus answers him in the play's most direct speech: the soft words are dressed-up traps. The land of his fathers refused him exile when he wanted it; now they want him at the border to use as a charm; he will not come. Creon drops the disguise. He has already had Ismene seized in the grove; he now has Antigone taken in front of her father. The chorus shouts the alarm. Creon is reaching for Oedipus himself when Theseus comes running.

Scene 8

The rescue

Theseus does not raise his voice. He tells Creon what the laws of xenia require. Creon defends himself — Oedipus is too polluted to be welcomed anywhere; what city would defend him? Theseus does not rise to it. The pollution, if there is one, is a matter for the gods; xenia is a matter for him. He will not let a guest break it in his country. He tells Creon to lead him at once to where the daughters were taken. They go. The chorus stays with Oedipus and sings the rescue they cannot see — the cavalry of Athens cresting the cliffs of Oea, the bridles flashing, the captive girls about to be freed.

Scene 9

Polyneices refused

Theseus comes back with Antigone and Ismene. Oedipus embraces them. Then Theseus reports a second matter: a stranger has taken sanctuary at the altar of Poseidon and is asking to speak with Oedipus. It is Polyneices, his elder son. Oedipus does not want to hear him. Antigone pleads. Oedipus relents. Polyneices enters in tears, explains his case, and asks his father's blessing on the campaign against Thebes. Oedipus answers with the play's most terrible speech: I curse you both. Polyneices and his brother will fall by each other's hands. Polyneices accepts the curse and goes back to the war. Antigone begs him to turn around. He will not.

Scene 10

The thunder

Polyneices has gone. The chorus, in the silence after his departure, is meditating on the cost of long life when the sky breaks. Thunder rolls across the field; lightning flashes. The chorus is afraid. Oedipus is not. He recognizes it. The gods are calling him. The thunder is the appointed sign. He turns to his daughters and asks for Theseus to be brought at once. The chorus prays for the land to be spared. Oedipus is calm in the middle of the storm. He has no time left to waste; he has a promise to keep. The play has begun to telegraph what is coming.

Scene 11

The death

Theseus arrives. Oedipus, in the firmest voice he has used in the play, tells him the gods are calling him. He has a treasure to give the city — a thing time cannot corrupt. The location must be a secret; the secret will defend Athens better than any wall. He embraces his daughters and tells them they will not see him again. Then, blind as he is, he walks unaided into the grove. Only Theseus is allowed to follow further. A messenger reports the rest. The earth had opened gently and taken him in. No struggle. No cry. The chorus closes the play: wail no more; let sorrow rest; all is ordered for the best.

Key themes

5 threads that hold the book together. Full analysis →

The long arc of suffering

Oedipus has done nothing to redeem himself. He has simply suffered, for twenty years, in exile. The play asks whether endurance itself, without redemption, can become a kind of standing.

The protection of strangers

Oedipus arrives as the most cursed name in Greek myth and asks for shelter at the boundary of a sacred grove. The play stages, with extraordinary care, the question of what a polluted stranger is owed and what a city becomes when it gives or refuses it.

Athens and Thebes

Theseus and Creon are studies in contrast: the king who keeps his word and the man who does not, the city that offers refuge and the one that uses people. Sophocles is making an argument about political character — written, pointedly, while Athens was losing a war.

The disposition of a holy man

Oedipus does not become gentle in old age. He curses his sons. He drives Polyneices into the war that will kill him. The play's strangest claim is that this man, in this disposition, is what a holy man looks like.

The gods's late mercy

The play ends with the earth opening gently and taking Oedipus in. The gods who broke him have decided, for no reason the play offers, that he has suffered enough. The mercy is real and it is late.

Key figures

The 6 who matter most. More in the full character guide.

Oedipus
The blind exile

Old, blind, twenty years in exile, guided by his daughter and carrying nothing but a prophecy. His voice is quieter than it was in Oedipus Rex but the steel underneath has not softened. When Creon tries to take him by force he calls down a curse. When Polyneices begs his blessing he refuses it. When Theseus offers Athens's protection he accepts. He is allowed, at the end, to walk into the grove on his own feet.

Antigone
His eyes

Oedipus's daughter, who left Thebes to guide him into exile and has not returned in the twenty years since. She settles him on stones, fetches him water, listens to his curses without flinching. Her loyalty to him is absolute and uncomplicated. The play does not foreshadow what Sophocles wrote forty years earlier — Antigone burying her brother and dying for it — but the audience knew. Her tenderness here is sharpened by what they knew was coming.

Ismene
His messenger

Oedipus's younger daughter, who stayed in Thebes. She arrives at Colonus on horseback, alone, the bearer of news. There is a new oracle: whichever city holds Oedipus's body will be blessed in war. His sons Eteocles and Polyneices are at war over the Theban throne, and both of them want their father back not for his sake but for his bones. She reports it with the tact of someone who has been carrying it for weeks.

Theseus
King of Athens

Ruler of Athens and the play's model of just kingship. He hears Oedipus out and grants him refuge with the full authority of the city — without asking him to recite his story, without holding the reception over his head. When Creon abducts the daughters Theseus rides out and brings them back. Sophocles wrote him while Athens was losing the war and on the verge of surrender; he is what the playwright's city had once been, or had imagined itself to be.

Creon
King of Thebes

Oedipus's brother-in-law, arrived from Thebes with armed men. He needs Oedipus — or his body — for political reasons, and he will use force when persuasion fails. He delivers a speech of soft persuasion, then has Antigone seized when Oedipus refuses, then tries to take Oedipus himself. Theseus blocks him. The Creon of this play is recognizably the Creon of Antigone — a man whose calculations are reasonable on their surface and corrupt underneath.

Chorus of Elders
Men of Colonus

The elders of Colonus, the small Attic village outside Athens. They are guardians of the sacred grove and frightened of Oedipus the moment they learn his name — his pollution is still real to them. Their gradual acceptance of him is the play's emotional spine. They sing the celebrated ode to Colonus halfway through, in which Sophocles, near the end of his life, wrote a song about the place he was born.

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